The New York Times International - 31.07.2026.pdf

亲爱的日记 ... FAUCTS BISE 博士， 以他自己的话语

第 5 页 | 世界

奇妙的壳？ PSYCLIUM 之详解

第 12 页 | 健康

华盛顿的威士忌 首任总统 一段鲜为人知的遗产

封底 | 生活

《纽约时报》

国际版 | 2026年7月31日，星期五

所谓

免费人工智能 的代价

Tal Feldman

观点

美国正在销售世界上最好的人工智能模型。而中国则在免费赠送排名第二的模型。

全球对这些模型的需求极高。去年，中国开源模型的下载量首次超过了美国模型的下载量。它们在非洲和拉丁美洲被迅速采用。在欧洲，德国的国内汽车同时采用中国模型和美国模型，而新加坡的国家人工智能计划则选择在 eHealth's Oven 上构建一个秘密模型。甚至美国公司也日益依赖来自中国的人工智能。许多美国公司用来编写代码的 Curios 发布了一款部分基于中国人工智能构建的工具。

whoever 供应全球的人工智能，将塑造世界的思考方式。

这些模型并不像许多人认为的那样纯真。据美国官员称，中国公司在构建这些模型时，部分采用了复制美国人工智能的方法。而且，它们是在中国法律的约束下构建的，这些法律规定了人工智能可以说什么，禁止其违背北京的党路线，并要求创建者协助情报机构。根据法律，市场被禁止“损害国家形象”或做任何可能导致“扩张”或破坏中国“社会稳定”的事情。人工智能模型与我们从中国购买的通常低廉的商品非常不同。这些产品必须预设中国政府的利益。宣传和虚假主张被内置在其中。问题不在于这些模型是中国制造，而在于它们是为中国而造。

whoever 供应全球的人工智能，将塑造世界的思考方式。随着这些模型变得更小、更自主，我们将越来越多的思考外包给它们。无论这些模型多么便宜，这种“认知卸载”绝不能交给那些旨在推广外国政府的模型。华盛顿应当要求对基于外国政府主导的人工智能构建的产品进行标记。更重要的是，美国政府应该启动一项新计划，以匹配中国提供的低成本、优质人工智能，并将该技术的透明利益带给发展中国家。

想想商务部在拥有联邦第 4 页时发现了什么。

《纽约时报》发表来自广泛视角的观点，希望就重大问题保护建设性的辩论。

中国的关税红利

在一家位于泰国的中国所有工厂中制造手电筒。美国关税政策的转变导致许多来自中国和东南亚的商品的税率几乎相同。

MAP TANG PHON, TAHU, AND

随着特朗普政策的转变，美国公司重新思考寻找替代方案

作者：ALEXANDRA STEVENSON 和 ARAJIVANSON

在曼谷南部一片尘土飞扬的土地上，一家手电筒工厂充满了希望。工人们在工作台前黏合组件。但只有一半的土地被开发。工厂的部分区域处于空置状态，等待未来的生产线。

该工厂由一家为美国客户制造手电筒的中国制造商所有。当总统特朗普去年对中国的关税达到 145 ％时，各公司开始在越南和泰国等国家（包括该设施）寻找更便宜的替代方案。

但自那时起，美国对中国的关税大幅下降，使得其中一些公司的负责人产生了动摇：

“我们是否回到了中国？是的，我们回来了，”联盟消费者集团 (ACU) 的首席运营官菲尔·拉斯特说道。这家总部位于德克萨斯州的公司销售在该泰国工厂制造的手电筒。

该泰国工厂制造手电筒所使用的许多组件是中国产的，设备也是如此。一名中国经理表示，在国内经营业务更简单。

向美国客户销售。拉斯特先生曾鼓励中国制造商宁波光明电器在中国境外建厂以生产他的产品，但现在美国对中国商品的关税与对泰国产品的关税更为接近，他正对这一战略踩刹车。

在经历了剧烈波动的一年关税后，最令人惊讶的结果之一可能是中国已处于相对强势的地位，关税显著低于去年。特朗普政府上周对中国出口商品征收了 12.1 ％的新关税税率，这与数十个其他国家的税率相似，因为该政府正致力于恢复被最高法院在二月份废除的关税。

中国出口产品仍需缴纳其他税款，包括特朗普先生第一任期内的税款，且未来可能会有更多关税。但许多行业高管和分析师推测，特朗普政府将对未来对中国的关税保持相对克制，以试图稳定一段代价高昂的关系。

根据中国金融公司谷歌证券的分析，美国对中国商品的整体加权关税税率略高于 20 ％。对于某些产品，中国的关税税率与东南亚国家的出口税率相同，而许多公司已将供应链转移至这些国家。

这为像拉斯特先生这样希望实现供应链多样化的高管创造了一个非统一的局面。但由于材料和运输成本较高，在泰国制造手电筒的成本比在中国高出 10 ％。拉斯特先生还面临来自中国竞争对手的压力，这些竞争对手在亚马逊上销售手电筒的价格，甚至低于 ACU 将产品运往美国的成本。

“我们不想回到中国，但与此同时，我们得经营生意，”他说道。

特朗普先生长期以来一直指责中国削弱美国竞争对手，并实施惩罚性关税，试图迫使制造商回到美国本土。在他的第一任期内，他发动了一场 TAREYS 第 4 页

欧洲

正被气候 推向 崩溃边缘

法国 波尔多

专家警告，森林火灾、热浪和风暴将“持续恶化”

作者：马克·兰斯勒 (MARK LANSLER) 和 奇克·伊索布兰 (CHICK ISOBLAN)

周日，一层浓浓的黄橙色阴霾笼罩在波尔多上空，遮住了太阳，也模糊了这座法国城市大教堂的尖顶。细小的灰烬颗粒在空中盘旋，刺痛眼睛并卡在喉咙里。

在城镇以西 20 英里 (12 kilometers) 处，一场巨大的森林火灾燃烧得如此猛烈，以至于产生了自己的天气系统。

“我们从未见过这样的景象，” 85 岁的罗杰·皮尔斯 (Roger Pearce) 说道。他是一名在第二次世界大战前就于此居住的退休工程师，被逼近的火焰赶出了家门。他的心境可能代表了整个欧洲数百万人的感受。

其影响源自：剧烈的热浪、毁灭性的风暴。2026 年的夏天已经打破了欧洲几个国家的气象记录。对于一个吞噬了数世纪动荡——毁灭性战争、致命大流行病——的大陆来说，现在是天气本身让欧洲感到接近崩溃点。

在法国和西班牙，已有超过 300,000 人被迫流离失所。这些国家现代历史上的最大规模火灾导致了其历史上最大规模的和平时期疏散，村庄被摧毁，数十万英亩的土地被焚毁。这让更多数以百万计的人在气温经常高于 40 摄氏度或 200 华氏度的情况下，极度渴望获得缓解。

这迫使音乐会和节庆活动取消，并削减了法国自行车赛 (Tour de France) 的最后一赛段。欧洲版，第 4 页

周二，消防员正努力阻止马德里附近野火的蔓延。近期在法国和西班牙发生的火灾导致数十万人流离失所。

寻找我曾与之对抗的一名塔利班指挥官

EBERT

巴黎，阿富汗

一名长期与阿富汗有渊源的记者兼前海军陆战队员进行了最后一次访问

作者：THOMAS GIBBONS-NEFF

我曾参与过杀死大约六个人的行动。也许是七个，我不确定那个男人是被我在路上击毙的，还是被送到医生那里去了。我经常想起他。

这些杀戮发生在 2030 年初的冬季和春季，当时正值阿富汗战争规模最大的行动之一：马尔贾之战（battle of Marja）。当时我是一名 22 岁的侦察狙击手队长，率领一名海军陆战队员和两名海军医务兵。

在一次最终失败且失去了方向的冲突中杀过人，是一件奇怪的事情。那些经历了如此剧烈的人命消逝和创伤的人们，使阿富汗——

Multan Abdel-Rahim Golab（居中），2021 年在阿富汗。2016 年，作为一名塔利班战士，他与海军陆战队员 Thomas Gibbons-Neff 处于对立阵营。

——在 2005 年时的情况就与现在相差无几，在那之前没有任何美国出生的教师经过。战争中的杀戮往往感觉像是一种“非此即彼”的心态，这是步兵战斗中常见的一种可感知立场。

但我们也被要求去“赢得人心”，这是美国旨在赢得当地民众信任并孤立塔利班的战略。在人们的家门边参与枪战的同时试图维持好感，这让人深感困惑。杀戮并非毫无波动，它让人感觉极其私人化。

巡逻需要不断评估敌友，并长时间透过高倍率瞄准镜试图确定敌人的性质和构成。我们很少看到他们手中拿着步枪。杀戮感觉并非本能，而是一系列挥之不去的恐惧。我们应该开枪射击这个人吗？我们应该使用武力吗？如果我们不开枪会怎样？我们的战友会因为我们的犹豫而怎么做？

我们还处于一种杀人能赢得尊重的训练文化中，仿佛射杀阿富汗人就是证明你能力出色的最终证据。于是我们杀人了。我杀人了。扣动扳机的决定，是我们参与的一项战略的最后一步，而这项战略在阿富汗，第 4 页

报纸价格

美国 2.00 法国 2.50 法国 2.50 比利时 2.00 比利时 2.00 比利时 2.00

法国 2.00 德国 2.50 德国 2.50

以色列 NIS (0.05) 周五 00:30

西班牙 1.00 NIS (0.25) 周五 00:25

意大利 2.00 卢森堡 2.00 墨西哥 NNS (0)

葡萄牙 4.00 西班牙 4.00 瑞士 CHF 0.50

荷兰 4.00 欧洲 EN 2000 欧洲 TI 100

英国 E. NED (0.05) 美国货币 欧洲 $ 2.50

总数 编号 44,725

《纽约时报》

每一字每一句都经过斟酌的周末报。

屡获殊荣的新闻、观点、生活方式、文化等内容。仅在特定报纸中呈现。

请购买周末版。

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2 | 周五, 2026年7月31日

《纽约时报》国际版

第二页

寻找我曾经与之作战的塔利班指挥官

APOLMATION，接第 1 页。在我部署之前，这一切就已经注定失败了。塔利班将女性排除在公共生活之外，并对少数族裔采取暴力对待，使阿富汗社会陷入分裂（在面对 20 年的占领期间，美国经常将此作为延长战争的理由，即便它极少正视自身的战略和道德失败，以及给这么多阿富汗人带来的痛苦与损失）。

我的新闻职业生涯——始于我离开美国海军陆战队之后——一直致力于试图理解为什么这种血腥的循环会持续下去。关于战争，这是一种追溯时间并理解我所做过的事，以及我在一场远未结束的混乱中所扮演的角色的一种方式。我见到的越多，学习到的越多，我对自己 20 岁出头时在这场混乱中所做贡献的认知就越让我感到羞耻。

在这种环境下成长，也意味着长期接触暴力、受害者和创伤，以及不时出现的那些必然伴随冲突而来的公众谎言。我在海军陆战队时的经历已经足够多了。我已经过了那种生活。我精疲力竭，辞掉了工作。

但在五月，在返回学校成为一名英语教师之前，我在《纽约时报》工作的最后两周多时间里，我抵达了阿富汗。我此行是为了与我曾经作战的人交谈：塔利班。

我的想法很简单。即便五角大楼会对近几十年战争的任何重大削减采取某种态度，我至少可以对自己在这场导致数以千计阿富汗人和美国人死亡的半吊子战略中所承担的部分责任负责。

最终，我想与穆拉·阿卜杜勒-拉赫曼·古拉布（Mullah Abdel-Rahm Gulab）交谈，他是一名塔利班指挥官，我在 2021 年偶然失去了与他的联系，就在阿富汗首都喀布尔被塔利班攻占后的几个月。但早在 2016 年 2 月，我们在平庸的阿富汗就曾彼此交战。

我知道，他关于马贾（Marja）之战的版本与我的截然不同。也许他有关于他认识的死难战友的故事，是我能够理解和尊重的故事，那些他同样无法停止思考的人们。也许我可以为他感到难过，而不仅仅是为我在朋友们死去时还活着而感到难过。

五月我抵达喀布尔时，一名在信息与文化部担任副部长的塔利班成员，名叫穆巴杰尔·法拉比（Mubajer Farabi），在看到我提交的与古拉布先生交谈的请求后，希望能与我谈谈。

我们之前从未见过面。但在他的办公室里，坐在我对面的法拉比先生告诉我，他反击美国的原因很简单：他希望美国人离开他的家园。

他说话时时而缓慢时而快速，并避开眼神接触。他的英语很好。他明确表示，在战争期间——或者说圣战（jihad），即塔利班将其 20 年军事行动的称呼——他在阿富汗西南部的法拉比省度过的时光十分艰辛。

“我们站在正确的一边，”他说，“我们是在为我们的信仰而战。”

我对他死去的战友以及在战争中丧生的人们表示道歉。他看着我，思考了一会儿，然后提醒我，我曾是一名士兵，是决定入侵并留在他的国家的那台机器上的一个齿轮。这是我能得到的最明确的回答。

他想讨论其他事情。他非常确定自己杀掉美国人的数量，并且仍然感到困惑的是，尽管他亲眼看到路边炸弹在我们的装甲车下爆炸，但五角大楼发布的伤亡公告相对较低。他认为美国在死亡人数上撒了谎。

我向他解释了通过直升机快速转运的复杂紧急医疗网络。他似乎并不信服。相反，他说了许多塔利班成员在讨论我在海军陆战队的时间时都会重复的话：不要尝试再次入侵。

我回答他，美国似乎已经走出来了，但他提到了这个国家最近又发起的战争。

“你还没有学会，”他说，“看看伊朗和加沙——你在为以色列人而战。你根本不在乎人权。”他指责美国人民投票让一连串亲——

“我试图解释我们是如何承受自身破碎期望的沉重压力之下的。”

托马斯·吉本斯-内夫 (THOMAS GIBSON, NEFF)，关于回答有关美国士兵自杀问题时的回应。

左图，托马斯·吉本斯-内夫，2016 年在马尔贾 (Marja) 办公室期间，当时他作为美国海军陆战队成员在阿富汗服役。他后来成为了《纽约时报》的记者。

“对我个人而言，我有我自己的权力，我已经原谅你们了。”

穆拉·阿卜杜-马赫穆德·古拉布 (MULLAH ABDUL-MAHM GULAB)，在对吉本斯-内夫先生针对阿富汗战争中被美国军队杀害的人员所表达的道歉做出反应时。

右图，穆拉·阿卜杜-拉赫曼·古拉布 (Mullah Abdel-Rahm Gulab) 2021 年时的样子。他加入塔利班是因为他的两个兄弟在战斗中被杀。其中一人是他的 WhatsApp 头像。

——政客上台，他们发起并延续了所谓的“无尽战争”。当我走进喀布尔市中心刺眼的阳光中时，我感受到了一种只能被描述为奇异解脱感的情绪。是的，我被训诫了，但在潜意识里，我觉得对方在某种程度上承认了我们的人性。目前看来，这已经足够了。是时候去和古拉布先生谈谈了。

硬事实

当我在 2021 年采访古拉布先生（Mr. Gulab）时，我没有透露我曾是一名海军陆战队成员。我以记者的身份询问他关于战斗日期的细节。他确认了我已知的事情：他提到他的同僚会在街上放下武器，将我们视为朋友迎接；以及他们依靠孩子们来追踪我们临时飞机的最佳价格。

在 2018 年，这些对我来说是难以面对的硬事实，而当一名获胜的叛乱分子——一名利用奔跑来击败我们的家乡战士——在事后回顾时说出这些话时，依然令人心碎，尽管我们的武装远比他率领的 29 人的小队要好。他的战术构成了一个我勉强——

在每次巡逻中都获益，这样我才能在当天生存下来。而我的有些朋友没能做到。

当我第一次见到古拉布先生时，我是以记者的身份走向马尔贾（Marja）的一个泥砖水井。在十多年前作为一名海军陆战队成员时，我曾在这样一个完全相同的地方击中一名年轻人的头部。我记得在我的栓动步枪发出清脆响声前，最后一眼看到的他的脸。直到后来有人告诉我，他们发现他的尸体被拖到角落里，武器就在身边，我的大脑才意识到我已经杀了他。

古拉布先生和我年纪相仿，都已步入晚年。他加入塔利班是因为他的两名兄弟在战斗中丧生。其中一人是他 WhatsApp 的个人资料照片。

我加入海军陆战队是因为我的父亲是一名很少谈论战争的越南 战争老兵，也因为我是一个在不错的小镇长大、就读于不错公立高中的矮个子孩子，想要证明自己。

五月，当我再次接触古拉布先生时（这次是通过电话），我告诉了他关于我背景的真相。我不仅是一名记者，我还作为一名海军陆战队成员在马尔贾战斗过。他说在初次见面时，基于我问题的具体程度，他就已经意识到了这一点。

他好奇我现在的目的：“再次交谈的意义何在？”古拉布先生赢了他的战争，并且在他之前就早已结束了与美国的篇章。现在他正准备应对另一场冲突，这次是针对巴基斯坦。他在一个仍被称为德怀尔营（Camp Dwyer）的基地领导着一个庞大的阿富汗军队单位，而我曾在 2019 年从那里起飞，去与他及其误导的部队作战。

我们的电话会议在客套话之后开始，随后在他的参考（最终）下，他愿意讨论马尔贾行动的开始。我对他在我们共同经历中的视角感到好奇，包括一名塔利班狙击手的命运，古拉布先生应该知道，或者至少听过。

那名狙击手在战斗的第一天击中了我的两名海军陆战队员，包括我的助理队长。当时天很黑。我们在一个两层楼建筑的房顶上，那是方圆数英里内唯一这么高的建筑。我记得当时听起来像是棒球帽击中了未排序的人们。我抬头看到我的朋友在尖叫，手臂被击中，大约一个小时后，我们将那名狙击手驱入一片果园，据推测他被无人机袭击杀死了。但即便如此，在很久之后，我还是想确切地知道。

古拉布先生刚开始说话，就被他的随从打断，随从说提前分享此类细节是非法的。相反，古拉布先生提出了自己的问题，涉及那名相同的狙击手。他说当我的队友被击中时他在附近，并再次提到有报道称两名“外国人”在那座房顶上被击中并坠落。

“他们死了吗？”他问。我解释说，两名海军陆战队员虽然受伤但幸存了下来，但在一年多后回到家乡时死于一场摩托车事故。

“为什么许多在阿富汗战斗并随后回到国家的一名美国士兵会自杀？”古拉布先生问。“我多次听到这件事。原因是什么？”

这是一个困扰着许多人的问题

我们当中的人。我试图解释我们如何承受着自身破碎期待的沉重压力。我们已经放弃了对第二次世界大战的怀旧之情，随后做了些我们理应感到自豪的事情。然而，我们从政客和将领那里得到的却是平淡与关键。我们的指挥官从未能清晰阐述我们的部署以及我们所实施的所有暴力，以及我们遭受的问题，是如何让美国变得更安全的。我们被抛弃在原地自行摸索，而他们则在国防公司找到了工作，并在演讲巡演中赚得盆满钵满。对某些人来说，这一切太难以承受了。

古拉布先生说，他在战后的岁月与此截然不同，“我们的安置完全相反，因为他们进行了圣战，因为他们失去了战友，他们非常快乐，因为我们的圣战有一个明确的目标。”

尽管塔利班赢得了战争，但维持和平也带来了自身的困难：阿富汗依然处于经济危机之中，且被世界大部分地区孤立。

“关于你的道歉，”他说，“我应该说，那时我们的圣战是为了真主，我们并不担心被杀死或受伤。我们也不为那些被杀或受伤的战友感到难过，因为我们所有人都希望在圣战之路上成为殉教者或受伤。由于当时处于战争状态，平民经常被杀死或受伤。”

我希望我也能接受我朋友们的死亡以及我自身行为的结果，而不是一直生活在愤怒的迷雾之中。古拉布先生让我知道，这种情感在阿富汗同样存在。

“关于被你们一方杀死的平民，我不知道他们或他们的家人是否会原谅你，”古拉布先生说。“那些平民可能不会原谅外国军队，但就我个人而言，我有权决定，我已经原谅你了。”

我第一次踏上阿富汗的土地是在 2008 年，当时我是一名 20 岁的下士。那时的塔利班在树线中破碎不堪，而当我试图生存时，他们成了我噩梦中出现的人物。2021, 8 月，我看着他们与一支美国海军陆战队小队握手，随着阿富汗军队崩溃，喀布尔沦陷，我的战争终于彻底输了。

现在，我曾经的敌人慷慨地为我 20 年前第一次部署时在日记中写下的一行字提供了一种诠释：“很难解释这个地方，我觉得我需要用余生来搞清楚这里发生了什么。”

在登上飞往美国的航班时，我意识到一种弥漫的悲伤在我心底的角落升起。我累了，仿佛再次审视我的战争在某种程度上让它回来了。古拉布先生说，我们是生命中交汇的两个人，当时几乎还是孩子，为了截然不同的原因而战。也许，我现在在某种扭曲的方式下将他视为一个朋友，这就足够了。

几天后在罗德岛，在一个阴沉的新英格兰夜晚，我带着狗散步时，手机震动了。

古拉布先生在 WhatsApp 上发给我：“你到家了吗？”他问。

我说到了。“很高兴听到你安全抵达。”

Tispech Abbeye 和 Safiullah Pashirah 参与了报道。

左图：2018 年在马贾，吉本斯-内夫先生单位的两名海军陆战队士兵在被狙击手击伤后等待医疗救援。中图和右图：2021 年，在西方支持的阿富汗政府撤离后，喀布尔的塔利班战士，以及一架飞越首都的直升机上的美国陆军机组人员。吉本斯-内夫先生于 5 月返回该国进行一次试探性访问，与古拉布先生交谈，以寻找答案，或许还有选择。

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《纽约时报》国际版

2026 年 7 月 31, 2026 | 3

世界

贝尔法斯特那些感到被围困的忠诚派

北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特

反移民情绪在部分新教社区中站稳脚跟

作者：MELAIN SPICCA

在贝尔法斯特西部的抗议新教聚集地 Sandy Row，旗帜与梦想在此回响，旗帜在异常低沉的夏季空气中头顶飘扬。

一年一度的“七月十二日”庆祝活动纪念新教徒在 Bayou 战役中战胜天主教国王的经典胜利，这带来了行进乐队和橙勋骑士（一个金融宗教组织成员）在全市巡游的景象。

对于深切致力于北爱尔兰留在英国的亲英新教徒社区而言，这不仅是一项珍贵的传统，随之而来的家庭聚会和街道派对亦然。

但在北爱尔兰，许多事情并非如此简单。

其他人则将这些游行和庆祝活动视为刻意挑衅的符号，认为它们强化了分裂。从历史上看，亲英派的主要对立面几乎都是天主教徒，但该社区中的一些人找到了一个新的对手：移民。

在贝尔法斯特的亲英社区 Paris 的中西部，35 岁的 Gordon Phebein 与他的儿子和孙子们在一起，他们都参加了游行。他已作为一名橙勋骑士度过了 60 多年。他反对移民和寻求庇护者的到来，并称其导致了长期居住于此的亲英人士被取代。

“这是我社区在印度[译注：原文如此]的荣誉，”Phebein 先生说，“每个人都想保护自己的社区和文化。”

贝尔法斯特仍然以白人为主，北爱尔兰在整体族群上也如此。在英国的过去中，仅有 24 的居民来自少数族裔背景。但移民数量在近几十年中有所增长，在 2023 年达到峰值，尤其是贝尔法斯特的城市中心正稳步变得更加多样化。

“我们的社区正在缩小，我们感到压力很大，”43 岁的 Trevor Henderson 说，他当时正与 Sandy 及其朋友在中西部庆祝“十二日”。“而我们因为表达担忧就被贴上宗派主义和种族主义的标签。”

我们询问了他的看法，他认为近期贝尔法斯特暴力危机的责任被不公平地推给了整个工人阶级亲英人士，而不是推给那一小部分煽风点火的人。

在 Sandy Row 的游行中，行进乐队经过了一家被烧毁的超市残骸，该店在两起单独的反移民骚乱中被焚毁，最近一次发生在六月。小群游客在被烟熏黑的店面上的“拥抱熊”涂鸦前拍照。我们在公寓楼侧面的英国版本中脱离了出来。

顶部：在今年“七月十二日”庆祝活动期间，一群亲英组织成员在北爱尔兰贝尔法斯特的一家酒吧聚集。右上：一名女性及其儿子（去年 11 月搬到贝尔法斯特）在观看庆祝活动。左上：一家在近期反移民骚乱中被焚毁的超市大门上的涂鸦。

六月，一段关于一名男子被砍伤的血腥视频在网上流传，暴力事件随即爆发。一名寻求庇护者随后被指控企图谋杀。在袭击发生后的数小时内，极右翼影响力人物号召进行示威，谣言引发了对车辆和房屋的纵火。应急救援人员不得不将移民家庭从家中撤离，其中包括一名带着 3 个月大婴儿的家长。

这是暴力事件在北爱尔兰肆虐的第三个连续夏季，这也是英国及整个欧洲更大模式的一部分，在这些地区，动荡在网上被右翼反移民声音所煽动。北爱尔兰仍在处理天主教和新教宗派冲突的遗留问题，公民骚乱的感觉过于熟悉，特别是在准军事组织仍具有影响力的地区。

这场被称为“麻烦时期”（the Troubles）的持续数十年冲突，主要发生在希望该地区保留在英国版图内的多为新教徒的联盟主义者（unionists）和忠诚派（loyalists），与长期寻求与爱尔兰共和国统一的多为天主教徒的爱尔兰民族主义者（nationalists）或共和派（republicans）之间。

1999年签署的《贝尔法斯特协议》（Good Friday Agreement）带来了近二十年的和平。但冲突的记忆仍投下深远的阴影。

上个月发生的反移民骚乱主要发生在英语区域，北爱尔兰和平服务中心（Peace Service of Northern Ireland）表示，忠诚派准军事组织成员在场，且在某些情况下引导了暴力行为。目前没有官方机构监管这些准军事组织，而它们自“麻烦时期”以来大多已转变为有组织犯罪网络。

根据《北爱尔兰生活与时代调查》（Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey），认同自己为联盟主义者或忠诚派的人数比二十年前有所减少。贝尔法斯特女王大学政治社会学教授玛丽·海沃德（Mary Hayward）表示，由于这种以及其他人口结构的转变，留在社区内的人可能会觉得自己的身份认同正受到威胁。

“那种不安全感被放大了，”长期研究北爱尔兰公众态度的海沃德教授说，“这种反弹使得将所有移民视为威胁的极右翼思想得以获得支持，她说道。”

此外，忠诚派与其他地区的极右翼势力之间存在着记录详实的联系。尽管关于移民的讨论在英国各地的许多社区中展开，并由一个声音日益高涨的极右翼运动推动，但这已成为一些领先的联盟主义政治家的关注焦点，因为他们发现这能引起其选民的共鸣。

“我们的社区正在缩小，我们的压力很大。而且因为持有这些顾虑，我们就被贴上宗派主义和种族主义的标签。”

在一些“七月十二日”庆祝活动中，不满情绪显而易见，非移民符号被放置在石楠花丛之上，并伴有其他政治信息。今年，在蒂隆郡（County Tyrone）一名青少年的战争纪念碑被焚烧（该事件被视为一项国家犯罪），而去年曾发生过焚烧难民营模型事件。

这些庆祝活动中的此类场景受到了审视，但在紧张局势中，许多忠诚派认为，七月十二日的庆祝活动是一个重要的社交和文化市场。

并非所有参加庆祝活动的人都坚定地反对移民。57 岁的金伯利·威尔逊（Kimberley Wilson）在与朋友一起观看游行时表示，她纯粹是享受这种盛况，并为出生在本地主义地区而深感自豪，同时对上个月的暴力事件感到震惊。

“人们来到这里，他们在努力工作，他们不应该被赶出自己的房子，”威尔逊女士在谈到移民时说道，并补充道，“这些可怜的人被吓坏了，这完全没有正当理由。”

上个月，威尔逊女士不得不将她 671 岁的高龄母亲从家中撤离，因为那里靠近暴徒焚烧人们房屋的地方。她表示，在那些对暴力负责的人中缺乏领导力。

“街道上一个人也没有，没有人出来说‘这样做是错误的’，”她说。

“那一辈青少年，他们不知道自己在为什么而战。如果他们想去呈现，去就去，去保护，而不是留在那里，”她说。“但不要开始破坏你们自己的社区。”

渡轮惨剧揭露石油富国圭亚那的政治分歧

圭亚那，乔治敦

作者：西蒙·罗梅罗 (SIMON ROMERO)

本月一艘国营渡轮沉没，据估计造成 100 人死亡，这一事件正深化圭亚那的政治全面对立。圭亚那是一个石油富国，也是美国在南美洲的主要盟友。

这次惨剧是圭亚那自 1978 年那场导致 900 多人死亡的大规模谋杀与自杀事件以来最严重的灾难。许多圭亚那人在问，在这样一个全球经济增长最快的新兴国家之一，怎么会发生这样的一场新灾难。

当渡轮沉没时，我身在圭亚那是为了报道一件完全不同的事情：该国的石油繁荣。但无论我走到哪里，这场惨剧突然主导了人们的对话，反映出这次沉船事故如何引发了这座前英国殖民地的紧张局势。

“我们的领导层将圭亚那描绘成唯一的国家，但该国的其他人一直在滥用这种叙述，”前议会议员凯西·休斯 (Cathy Hughes) 在首都乔治敦的一次深夜守夜活动中告诉我。

这艘渡轮于 7 月 18, 发生事故，当时它在返回圭亚那途中超载了乘客和货物，目的地是波多凯塔马 (Port Kaitama) 的淘金前哨站，该地位于历史地图上的委内瑞拉方向。

幸存者讲述的噩梦般经历令全国震惊，他们说当船只开始下沉时，夜晚的广阔让他们感到绝望。他们聚集在能找到的任何漂浮碎片周围，等待数小时救援队才抵达。

盖安上校 (Colonel Guyan) 描述了拯救被大海吞没的孩子的情况，以及在交付过程中回收的 75 具尸体中的几具。据幸存者和官方舱单（列明 132 人）称，在海上的这艘船估计搭载了 170 名乘客，远超其应承载的人数。

左图：在圭亚那乔治敦为本月渡轮沉没遇难者举行的守夜活动。目前尚不清楚导致渡轮沉没的具体原因。右图：乔治敦的客运船只。

大约 30 名乘客仍然失踪。包括负责国营交通服务的公共工程部长乔安·埃吉尔德 (Joan Edgild) 在内的圭亚那高级官员坚称，该船在批准的限额内运行，机械故障并非原因。

埃吉尔德先生没有立即回应进一步评论的请求。据路透社报道，周二，该船的船长和两名船员被指控谋杀。

如此多生命的逝去对整个圭亚那产生了剧烈影响。该国人口仅约 100 万，分布在面积与英国相当的土地上，而英国拥有近 70 million 人口。

亨利 (Henry), 25, 他在这次惨剧中失去了 40, 岁的母亲波娜·门迪卡 (Bona Mendika)。亨利先生说，他的兄弟杰森·亨利 (Jason Henry), 25, 当时也在渡轮上，但通过抓住一个漂浮的冰箱幸存了下来。

“我只是试图让自己不去想这件事，不要过多地去思考关于她的事情，”木匠亨利先生在谈到他的母亲时说道，他的母亲在波多凯塔马周围地区销售杂货。他用一种心不在焉的方式表达对母亲的思念，“如果我一直想她，我就没法吃饭。”

随着愤怒在圭亚那蔓延，人们渐渐地意识到，这场惨剧揭露了关于政府问责制以及在这个去年经历了 19.2 惊人经济增长的国家中显而易见的严重不平等。这一增长速度远超该地区其他繁荣经济体，例如巴拉圭同年仅增长 6.6。

这次繁荣正在重塑乔治敦，这个曾经默默无闻的前哨站。现在物价飞涨。来自古巴和委内瑞拉的移民涌向这座城市。中国施工队正在修建公路。豪华 SUV 充斥着城市的街道。

对于许多人来说，渡轮是首选方案。船上的大多数人负担不起 $140 的飞往波多凯塔马的机票，而机票本可以让 them 避免这次 24 小时的船行。他们正是那些被排除在繁荣之外的众多圭亚那人之一。

目前尚不清楚导致该渡轮倾覆的原因。当局表示，该船建于 1955 年，耐用的印度基亚那在 1998 年获得了独立，并计划于今年晚些时候进行潜在维修的检查。

石油繁荣正在重塑首都乔治敦，但许多圭亚那人被排斥在外。

当局表示，最近购入了一艘来自印度的新渡轮以进行替换，但官员们正在等待乘客登记完成以便投入使用。

面对对其处理此次事件的批评，该国政府发起了激烈的反击。

去年轻松赢得连任，开启新五年任期的总统伊尔法安·阿里（Irfaan Ali）多次前往灾难现场，与失去亲人的家属交谈。他还誓言将调查导致船只沉没的原因。

高级官员否认了救援工作过于缓慢，或者由于疏忽或腐败而导致在允许老旧渡轮搭载超过规定乘客人数时产生风险的说法。

“这不是一个被逼入绝境的政府形象，”国家经营的《圭亚那躯体报》（Guyana's Somatic）在社论中写道，并谴责那些发布死者照片的人。“这是一个需要团结、能力和克制的时刻。”

在这种背景下，对这场悲剧的反应展现了圭亚那尖锐的政治分歧。

圭亚那反对派领导人克雷迪尔·梅利萨内尔（Ccredible Melisanel）在渡轮倾覆的海域组织了自己的救援行动，并在社交媒体上发布海中尸体的视频，同时抨击政府的应对措施。

在圭亚那，很少有人认为梅利萨内尔先生的动机纯粹是出于利他主义。作为圭亚那最富有的家庭之一的成员，他因黄金走私和贿赂计划在 2024 年被殖民地圭亚那制裁。

当梅利萨内尔先生在搜寻幸存者时，当局对他家进行了搜查。这与一项针对 2022 年在乔治敦一个热门夜店外发生的一起黄金商被处决式杀害的调查有关。

一些圭亚那人暗示，这可能会成为制衡梅利萨内尔先生的手段，而 26 岁的他否认参与此事，并将此次调查——正如他对美国制裁的看法一样——视为一场政治操纵的打击。

但政府并未止于此。

当局还逮捕了反对派国会议员谢里德·杜尼（Shered Doonie），此前他前往灾难现场，并试图捕捉搜救船以及附近聚集家属的图像。

政府还在乔治敦的海堤边组织了一场跨信仰祈祷服务和晚会。

这场活动使用了最先进的金属设备，一个精通煽动政治的大师估计这些垃圾在北基督徒、穆斯林和印度教宗教领袖地朗诵祈祷词。

与政府合作的联邦显贵们庄重地坐在防水布下，周围环绕着安保人员。但这次活动依然笼罩在圭亚那动荡的政治氛围中。在防水布附近，该国人民举着标语，坚决要求政府解雇公共工程负责人。

“说那些钱是好东西，但我们看不出路径，”49 岁的演讲者谢里拉·纳格（Sherilaa Nager）说。“我们不需要他们在水上撑防水布，而且火并没有在做事。我们需要他们为自己的疏忽负责。”

丹尼斯·沙布罗尔（Denis Chabrol）参与了报道。

---

4 | 星期五, 31, 2026 年 7 月

《纽约时报》国际版

世界

周三伊拉克一次空袭的现场。美国军方表示，针对伊拉克民兵的联合袭击是为了报复对美国军队和沙特管理者的攻击。

袭击激怒伊拉克民兵

美沙袭击恐将伊朗支持的团体进一步卷入战争

作者：埃丽卡·胡利蒙 (ERIKA HULIMON) 副主任

数月以来，政府一直担心陷入伊朗支持的拉区间风险。在伊拉克领土上的行动，正努力满足特朗普政府的要求，即将其置于国家控制之下，分化他们并切断其后路。

周三针对军事目标的一波美国和沙特阿拉伯空袭扰乱了这些努力。此次袭击造成至少 20 人死亡，为伊朗在伊拉克的盟友提供了新的协调机会，他们坚持持有武器，并声称自己是最有能力保护该国主权的部队。而对于伊朗来说，这场暴力地提供了一个机会，鼓励这些盟友民兵参与地区战争。

“肆意让伊拉克人流血的时代已经结束了，”亲伊朗民兵组织“真诚之桥”(al-Wasid al-Sadiq) 的领导人穆罕默德·塔莱米 (Muhammad Talaimi) 表示。“我们的回应将不仅仅是声明。我们将采取实际行动来抵制不公正——以轰炸回应轰炸。”

伊拉克政治领导人在周三质疑了这次大范围袭击的合法性，并表示此次行动在未与惊恐的政府协商的情况下进行。在的一份声明中，伊拉克国家安全委员会 63 呼吁民兵自行撤退。它谴责美国和沙特阿拉伯违反伊拉克主权，并警告空袭可能会引发进一步的混乱。

自 2003 年美国入侵以来，伊拉克一直努力在超级大国盟友美国与邻国伊朗（地区什叶派穆斯林强权）的利益之间寻求平衡。伊朗支持伊拉克的什叶派多数群体组成的民兵反对美国占领，并且

伊朗支持的力量还帮助将伊拉克拖入了长达数十年的教派血腥冲突，而这种冲突直到最近才有所缓解。

在过去的一年里，随着特朗普政府继续向伊拉克施压，要求其遏制亲伊朗民兵，这种对伊朗权力的平衡变得日益困难。美国和以色列在 2 月份对伊朗发起的战争迅速使伊拉克成为了该冲突的背景之一。

美国军方的防御和周三的袭击是对 originating in Iraq（源自伊拉克）的、针对“美国军队和沙特能源基础设施”持续 72 小时的无人机袭击的报复。

到目前为止，这些袭击的来源仍不清楚。没有任何团体声称对此负责，而伊朗及其在伊拉克的军事化组织公开表示他们并非幕后黑手。此前，这些团体在华盛顿和德黑兰 4 月份达成短暂平息战争的停火协议之前，一直迅速承认在该地区发起的

“肆意让伊拉克人流血的时代已经结束了。我们的回应将不仅仅是声明。”

袭击。自敌对行动重启以来，这些民兵尚未承认对伊拉克境外袭击负责。

相比之下，控制也门大部分地区的亲伊朗穆斯林民兵已公开宣布封锁沙特阿拉伯，并多次袭击沙特石油中心。这些穆斯林分子还承认对沙特能源设施的袭击负责，包括在沙特指责伊拉克民兵袭击他们的当天。

伊拉克军队首领发言人萨希迪·纳索 (Sahidi al-Nassau) 表示，美沙袭击在重新论证所谓的针对沙特阿拉伯的目标时，仅进行了“短期调查”。

他要求提供证据证明袭击沙特阿拉伯的行动来自

伊拉克，并表示目前尚未提供任何证据。

在过去一个月里，尽管地区战争重新升级，但伊拉克民兵保持相对安静，因为伊拉克新任命的总理阿里·扎伊迪 (Ali Zaidi) 正试图应对特朗普政府关于解除亲伊朗团体武装的要求。近年来，这些团体似乎在运行上更加独立于伊朗，通过成立政党、获得利润丰厚的伊拉克政府职位和合同，稳步积累财富和权力。

但总部位于伦敦的查塔姆研究所（Chatham House）的伊拉克分析师罗纳德·曼苏尔（Ronald Mansour）表示，伊朗强大的伊斯兰革命卫队（Islamic Revolutionary Church Corps）在近几个月里加强了对伊拉克民兵活动的干预。他说，与美国的战争促使伊朗对这些民兵实施更严密的控制。

在最新一轮空袭之后，伊朗参与的证据开始出现。由与伊拉克卡扎克·舒布哈克（Kazakh Shubuhak）民兵组织有关的萨希玛新闻社（Saheema News）发布的图像显示，在周三的一次葬礼游行中，有五具尸体被包裹在伊朗国旗中。一名伊拉克民兵指挥官私下表示，这些死者是在民众动员力量（Popular Mobilization Forces，政府控制下的民兵网络）第24旅情报总部遇袭身亡的伊朗军事顾问。

此前，伊拉克国内要求民兵组织解除武装的民众压力日益增大，但周三的袭击让政府陷入被动。

在联合公开声明中，亲伊朗的民兵组织指责政府要求他们解除武装，却未能采取措施防止伊拉克主权遭到侵犯。

这些组织给了伊拉克政府一个周二的“最后期限”（dualizer）来采取积极行动，并警告否则他们将自行处理，但未详述可能采取的具体行动。声明称：“我们对美国敌人的回应是必然的，且终将到来，并且我们可能会瞄准沙特阿拉伯（如果情况需要）。”

伊拉克民兵领导人私下表示，这个期限实际上是一个挑战。他们知道伊拉克官员无法对美国或沙特阿拉伯采取强力行动。通过声称给伊拉克当局一个明确且优先的回应机会，民兵组织不仅可能在试图为未来的报复行为正名，同时也在为其拒绝解除武装寻找理由。

“如果政府未能履行其职责，爱国的伊拉克人民必须确保政府的武器专属地掌握在抵抗力量手中，”亲伊朗民兵组织 Sutyun Arifiya al-Dam 的发言人阿布·马赫迪·贾扎伊里（Abu Mahdi al-Jazairi）在一份声明中说道。

伊拉克各团体的议程不尽相同。查塔姆研究所的曼苏尔先生表示，近年来美国和以色列致力于击杀这些组织中许多领导人的努力，使得追踪其活动变得极其困难。“伊拉克民兵空间已经变得极其碎片化，现在这种情况显然更加严重，”他说。“美国越是攻击这些组织，就越会破坏指挥链和统一结构，导致产生更多模糊的团体和行动。”

几十年来，伊朗一直依赖于支持一个由军事团体组成的网络。“但这刻意模糊了是谁在扣动扳机，”总部位于东方的地缘政治风险顾问公司 Gergad Labs 的创始人拉扎里·沙尔（Razary Shar）说道。他认为，在与沙特阿拉伯的对抗中，该国可能是损失最严重的。

他说：“沙特阿拉伯显然给了伊朗更多空间，使其在防御的掩护下通过代理人升级局势，同时推进其干扰全球石油供应的整体目标。伊拉克的亲伊朗团体显然有能力破坏沙特的能源基础设施。”

伊斯迈尔·纳斯尔（Ismaud Nasr）参与报道

对于军属而言，焦虑开始了

随着伊朗战争继续，美国部分人群在挣扎或被旧日悲伤催促

作者：BERNARD WOKAN 副主任

一名 4 岁孩子在父亲奔赴战场后开始出现行为问题。

一名丈夫在美国陆军情报部门工作的妻子，尽管丈夫尚未被部署，但她已经在应对日益加剧的焦虑。

一名女性在失去战友近 20 年后，发现自己今年难以应对国内外伤亡人员的迁移。

根据 Blue Star Families（最大的支持现役军人和退伍军人的非营利组织之一）在 3 月对估计 200 个家庭进行的一项民意调查，超过 40% 的美国军属报告称，由于安全担忧、部署变动以及对局势升级的恐惧，来自与伊朗战争的压力有所增加。

随着与伊朗战争的持续，心理健康顾问表示，他们接诊了更多报告压力过大的军属家庭；这场冲突已夺走了至少 10 名服役人员的生命，另有数百人受伤。

“我们的病例量增加了两倍，”Red Alone Therapy（一家为军人及其家属提供服务的远程治疗机构）创始人 Hannah Wokan 说道，“每个人都处于某种紧绷状态。”

一名葡萄牙发言人拒绝了寻求关于军方如何帮助服役人员家属应对战争压力的详细请求。但军方官员表示，有多种咨询和支持服务可用，包括一项名为 Military Confluence 的 24/7 服务，提供免费且保密的支持。

在采访中，军属表示这场战争触发了曾被认为已平复的悲痛。咨询师表示，一些人正在应对由冲突引发的愧疚感，这是军属中常见的问题。其他人则哀叹缺乏透明度和沟通，导致他们不知道配偶、孩子、兄弟或姐妹何时能回家。

“我不知道他在哪里，”四个孩子的母亲 Elisha Parents 说道，她的丈夫于 2025 年 2 月 14 日作为“史诗行动”（Operation Epic）的一部分被部署。

她说，Parents 先生的丈夫在非本土部队中服役，大约每三周给家里打一次电话。他无法使用个人设备，必须使用基地的卫星电话拨打电话，且经常需要与同样在排队的人一起等待。

沟通的断层影响了她年龄在 11 个月到 12 岁之间的孩子们。

但 Ms. Parents, 24, 已经为孩子们制定了管理生活压力的策略。她通过各种技巧和丈夫在家的标志来缓解。她的孩子们在观看父亲的视频。

尽管如此，为了应对丈夫部署而接受过心理治疗的 Parents 女士表示，她已为 4 岁的孩子寻求了咨询，该孩子目前处于生活波动期。“我只是知道，也许是时候为他寻求更多帮助了，”她说。

上个月，25 岁的 Robert Smith 开始接受咨询，以帮助应对由战争引起的压力，而她原本认为这些压力已处于稳定状态。她说，她最近难以控制情绪——常为小事发火。

“好多了，”她说，并补充道治疗起到了作用。但总体而言，她说，“你总会好起来的。”

她的丈夫是一名陆军情报官员，在东北部的一个基地支持中东战役。由于他开始没日没夜地工作，Smith 女士说，她开始完成一个由大约 1,300 个碎片组成的拼图，以此来转移注意力。

“我知道我丈夫工作多么辛苦，承受着多么大的压力，”使用了婚前姓氏（因丈夫从事情报工作）的 Smith 女士说，“所以存在一种愧疚感，觉得我做得不够，或者没有他工作那么努力。”她说：“我认为这是关于幸存者悲剧援助计划（Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors）的一种沟通，该服务将失去军中亲人的人联系在一起，并提供小规模的创伤治疗。”

2007年，她的未婚夫，美国陆军参谋长迈克尔·布尔布什（Michael Bulbush）在伊拉克响应一次路边炸弹袭击车辆的救援行动。作为一名医疗兵，布尔布什参谋长在靠近时遭到袭击。在车辆受损的情况下，他作为一名美国士兵，并由一名受过培训的人员将其送往最近的军事医院。

哈珀女士表示，近20年来，她一直在应对这段部分毁掉她成年生活的丧亲之痛。她戴着布尔布什参谋长在早年求婚时送给她的订婚戒指。她在他的家中度过了两个完整的生命周期。

每当得知在战斗或训练中出现军事伤亡时，哈珀女士总能感受到一阵悲痛，因为她深知这些家庭的痛苦程度。

“我认为她面对并诵读那些服役并牺牲的人的名字，是因为我想有人能为迈克（Mike）这样做，”她说道。

哈珀女士表示，她已经回到了心理治疗中，与能够理解“层层丧失之痛”的人一起工作。

“回去谈论其中一些事情感觉很奇怪，”她说道，并补充道，“世界似乎再次变得令人难以承受。”

经济学家（注：原文为Economics，疑为误写）表示，他们正在关注更多报告压力大的军事家庭，这场战争已导致至少10名服务人员死亡，另有数百人受伤。

欧洲的清算之夏“才刚刚开始”

欧洲，见第 1 页

并提前关闭了东方博物馆和埃菲尔铁塔。它给苏格兰高地带来了山火。它导致伦敦的组织者取消了一场关于如何应对极端高温的会议。而且，仅在 6 月，它就在整个欧洲造成了至少 10,000 例与高温相关的死亡——这个数字最终可能被证明是难以置信的。

“就影响而言，欧洲是气候变化的地面零点，”德国佩里斯兰气候影响研究中心的主任、瑞典科学家约翰·雷克尼里奇（Johan Recknirich）表示。

“2024 年才刚刚开始，”雷克尼里奇教授说。“情况不可避免地会变得更糟。在过去——嗯，它会变得越来越糟。我担心，我们将超过适应能力的极限。”

当然，这并非欧洲独有。今年，热浪席卷了澳大利亚和日本。干旱摧毁了肯尼亚和安哥拉，以及欧亚大陆南部边缘的美国。南半球的发展中国家在面对气候变化影响时，将比富裕的欧洲更加脆弱。

“我们看到，尽管它们在预警，但变暖速度与欧洲一样快，自 20 世纪 90 年代中期以来，几乎是全球平均水平的两倍。这迫使欧洲人比其他人更直接地面对难以忽视的……”

上周，法国西南部 La Pange 山火中升起的烟雾。极端天气导致仅在 6 月整个欧洲就发生了至少 10,000 例与高温相关的死亡。

……气候变化的残酷现实，尤其是在夏季，他们曾经温和的日子已被可怕的高温所取代。

尽管仍比世界其他地区（如美国西南部或波斯湾地区）凉爽，但欧洲的应对能力较弱，因为其建筑通常没有空调，且设计初衷是为了保温。其山坡和沿海平原上树种的单一性——其中许多是在更凉爽、更湿润的时期种植的——使得它们在这一季节具有危险的可燃性。

“随着这次热浪和这些火灾，你可以说，情况开始变得无法忍受了，”苏黎世联邦理工学院的瑞士气候科学家伊瓦塔·塞内里拉玛（Iwata Senerirama）说道。

这是否会促成激进的新措施——无论是为了减轻气候变暖的影响还是为了适应它们——则是另一个问题。

在西班牙，首相佩德罗·皮内达（Pedro Pineda）宣布进入“气候紧急状态”，他表示这将需要一个清洁计划来“以结构化的方式解决余下问题”。

“就影响而言，欧洲是地面零点。”

在法国，总统埃马纽埃尔·马克龙（Emmanuel Macron）誓言在捷克斯洛伐克地区被焚毁的广大针叶林中，更换为更适应未来气候的不同种类的树木。

“我们今天所处的局面是我们记录以来最困难的，也是自第二次世界大战以来最困难的，”马克龙先生说。

然而，尽管情况紧迫，但科学家们表示，欧洲减少二氧化碳排放的承诺（这是遏制气候变化最关键的途径）正面临被削弱的危险。本月，欧盟准备调整相关规则。

工业部门可以以略高的水平进行污染，从而进一步推迟未来目标。

“净零政策旨在平衡进入大气的温室气体与被移除的量，现已成为批评者（尤其是右翼人士）攻击的目标，他们谴责这是一种欧洲负担不起的奢侈。因此，欧洲的行为无法替代全球经济的需求，这将在美国发生，特朗普总统称气候变化为一项‘骗局’，以及在依赖能源的发展中国家发生。”

“由于天气模式的改变及其影响，东部的早晨情况仍在持续，直到 2030 年代，届时排放量将导致产生更多吸收热量的深色表面。”

温度比 10 摄氏度，或 10 华氏度更高，我们可以将其视为其决策年龄，且温度上升之快，在 400 和 4,700 周的单个温室中即可明显察觉，因此自 2021. 年以来记录了 10 次热浪。其中 4 次发生在过去 10 年中。

根据法国国家气候与气象局 Météo-France 的数据，在 2021 年至 2030, 年之间，波尔多从未经历过温度超过 20 摄氏度（2022 华氏度）的一天。而今年夏天，这种情况已经发生了八次，包括周三，且该季节甚至还没过半。波尔多的酿酒师们已经饱受高温之苦，他们担心烟雾会污染他们的 Science 葡萄园。

伦敦帝国学院的德国气候学家 Frederick Olin 表示，“年度”风向模式和全球高温导致了如今欧洲“异常的夏季天气”。她表示，现在这些同样的动态因素产生了极其苛刻的条件，因为它们在伦敦这样气候更温暖的地方依然存在。

科学家们表示，欧洲夏季最可怕的一点是，这种情况可能不再只是瞬间之举。地球已经处于突破 2015 年《巴黎协定》核心目标的轨迹上：即阻止地球温度比工业化前水平升高超过两摄氏度，或 10 华氏度。

一些专家表示，全球变暖的速度似乎并未放缓，反而在加速。研究人员和其他人士在这一方面指出，到 2050, 年，热浪可能会增加 5 倍，而温度可能会达到 110 华氏度。

Giulia Imbari 从巴黎发回报道。

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《纽约时报》国际版

FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2026 | 5

世界

共和党人在一场关键参议员选举中的支出进展缓慢

党内最大的超级政治行动委员会（super PACs）仍在观望，等待对方先屈服

作者：西奥多·施莱费尔 (THEODORE SCHLEIFER)

在今年竞争最激烈的参议员选举之一中，共和党人至今拒绝投入资金。

这种特殊的动态正在德克萨斯州上演，共和党提名人肯·帕斯坦 (Ken Pastan) 的命运将有助于决定哪个政党控制美国参议院。但帕斯坦先生在筹集资金方面一直很吃力，而且尚未有人为他提供实质性帮助。

在对与他共同参与此次竞选的十几名共和党人进行采访后，帕斯坦先生认为自己在参议员候选人中处于一种独特的情况。共和党捐赠者对他在那场惨烈的初选中所留下的怨恨依然根深蒂固。该选区拥有 10 个以上的电视市场，是一个极其昂贵的战场。而且他的民主党对手詹姆斯·塔拉里奥斯 (James Talarios) 证明自己是一个极其强有力的筹款人。

帕斯坦先生资金困境中最令人震惊的部分，或许在于共和党内两个最大的资金委员会及其关联捐赠者之间正在进行的一场高风险“胆小鬼博弈”（game of chicken）。

共和党人表示，这两个组织——参议院领导基金 (Senate Leadership Fund) 和 MAGA Inc.——都希望对方能出面，为帕斯坦先生投入数千万美元的资金。目前这两个组织都没有采取行动。

“从社会角度来看，必须投入巨额资金，”为帕斯坦先生筹集捐款的创意人士丹·埃伯哈特 (Dan Eberhart) 表示，“我们不知道谁会这么想！”

在初选中，帕斯坦先生击败了参议员约翰·科里 (John Corry)，后者是该国和该州许多最大捐赠者的宠儿。共和党提名人目前仍缺乏这些捐赠者的热情，他们在初选中资助的广告多次称他为罪犯和厌女者。共和党人表示，这些捐赠者的看法基本没有改变，尤其是关于帕斯坦先生与女友在世界各地旅行的爆料不断传出。

除了当地的共和党团体在今年夏天和秋天在其他所有顶级参议员选举中投入数千万美元外，帕斯坦先生没有得到华盛顿的帮助，包括在一些著名总部认为竞争不如德克萨斯州激烈的州。他们甚至计划在没有竞争力的堪萨斯州投入更多资金。在大多数州，共和党人的支出预计将超过民主党人——例如在俄亥俄州，共和党的承诺超过了 $500 million。

帕斯坦的一位顾问对竞选活动的财务压力表示担忧。

“轨迹是显而易见的：支持正在加速，而非减弱。从基层德克萨斯州人到大型保守派捐赠者，所有人都在向这次竞选集结，而且追赶者的信号已经出现，”这位顾问尼克·马多克斯 (Nick Maddox) 说道，他声称帕斯坦的委员会每月筹集了 $7 million。

此外，还有一个事实是，尽管存在或不存在不支出情况，该州的民主党参议员候选人在过去的几个周期中并未获胜。

上图：德克萨斯州总检察长肯·帕斯坦是该州参议员的共和党提名人，但在为竞选筹集资金方面一直很吃力。他的民主党对手詹姆斯·塔拉里奥斯（右）证明自己是一个极其强有力的筹款人。

共和党人表示，德克萨斯州每周需要约 $13 million 的超级政治行动委员会广告费才能开展全面的付费媒体宣传，这使得德克萨斯州比那些同样能决定多数席位的廉价州更消耗资源。

根据媒体追踪公司 AdImpost 的数据，从现在到选举日计划在德克萨斯州投入的共和党支出金额为：86。

那么，谁应该承担德克萨斯州的账单？首先是参议院领导基金，这是一个由参议院多数党领袖约翰·修恩 (John Thune) 及其随员运行的超级政治行动委员会。它在初选中支持科里先生，且几乎没有接纳过帕斯坦先生。

在6月的华盛顿之行中，帕斯丹先生与该超级政治行动委员会（super PAC）总部的官员会面，并告诉他们，他希望这场竞选不要在某些图书馆速度中进行，两名知情人士如此说道。参议院领导基金（Senate Leadership Fund）目前在竞选的民调和候选人研究中处于领先地位，并告诉捐款者他们正在监视该州。尽管如此，该超级政治行动委员会在公布一项涉及 8 个州、总额 $162 million 的计划时，几乎将德克萨斯州排除在外。Allow表示，参议院领导基金没有数百万美元的闲钱可以投入到另一场竞选中，特别是考虑到今年不稳定的选情地图，包括对西班牙裔参议员竞选的新不确定性。

在对面等待的是 MAGA Inc.，这是一个由特朗普总统的高级顾问领导的超级政治行动委员会，拥有高达 $400 million 的巨额现金储备。在5月 30 日选举前一周，他（特朗普）在纽约市的办公室中为帕斯丹先生背书。一些与参议院领导基金关系密切的共和党捐款者表示，MAGA Inc. 尚未透露将在这次中期选举中投入多少资金，但考虑到德克萨斯州的账单，他们可能会重新考虑。

MAGA Inc. 的官员表示，他们对参议院领导基金在该州的情况不感兴趣，声称他们只是在对自己的支出计划保密，并表示该计划将于上个月“很快”且“大幅度”地公布。Don LaCivita 和

肯·帕斯丹的批评者称他为罪犯和好色之徒。

据两名知情人士透露，MAGA Inc. 的两名高级官员詹姆斯·布莱尔（James Blair）在最近几周与领导参议院领导基金的亚历克斯·拉丘克（Alex Larchuck）讨论了德克萨斯州的情况。

“我认为他会帮他的，”道格·登森（Doug Denson）在谈到特朗普先生时说，“我无法想象他们不帮他。他已经为他背书了。他想要保住参议院。而且实际上，我们不希望民主党人在德克萨斯州的全州竞选中获胜。”登森的家族今年向帕斯丹的委员会捐赠了 $103,000。

而那位民主党人塔拉里奥斯（Mr. Talarios）先生则处于优势，其主要竞选账户中的现金大约是帕斯丹先生的 9 倍。塔拉里奥斯先生已经出现在电视屏幕上，花费了约 $12 million 的广告费向选民介绍自己。据《纽约时报》的一些消息来源，他还在积极筹款，包括上周六在芝加哥附近举行的一场高额捐款活动，以及本周末在玛莎葡萄园岛（Martha's Vineyard）和楠塔基特岛（Nantucket）举行的其他活动。

在某种程度上，国家民主党人也经历了与共和党人同样的瘫痪状态。由参议院民主党人控制的参议院多数政治行动委员会（Senate Majority PAC）上周公布了新的支出计划，但在德克萨斯州尚未获得任何广告时段。

尽管如此，塔拉里奥斯先生自身筹集巨额资金的能力，使他不像帕斯丹先生那样依赖华盛顿。上个月，一个专门支持塔拉里奥斯的超级政治行动委员会收到了科技投资者里德·霍夫曼（Reid Hoffman）提供的 $10 million。

据两名知情人士透露，在与捐款者的私人对话中，参议院多数政治行动委员会的官员概述了德克萨斯州的各种潜在支出计划，以及这些计划可能在参议院选图上引起的权衡。这给民主党人留下了一种印象，即该委员会准备在某个时间点在德克萨斯州投入资金。

这一切使得筹款成为帕斯丹先生今年夏天的紧迫优先事项。因此，他与该州捐款者的关系依然冷淡。其中包括像共和党大喇叭肯·格里芬（Ken Griffin）这样的温和派——据说他没有帮助帕斯丹先生的计划，以及像石油工业的威尔克斯兄弟（Wilks brothers）和蒂姆·邓恩（Tim Dunn）这样的长期右翼支持者。

一名知情人士表示，帕斯丹先生已向一些与其立场一致的团体单独打电话，寻求六位数的支票。但多名共和党人表示，一些此类捐款者对于从帕斯丹阵营回电的最新举动反应冷淡。

根据《纽约时报》查看的一份邀请函，帕斯丹先生原计划本周在科罗拉多州的阿斯彭举行一次筹款晚宴，并在今年夏天晚些时候在怀俄明州的杰克逊大楼举行一次。参议员泰德·克鲁兹本月与他成立了一个联合筹款委员会，以协调筹款活动，例如近期在休斯敦由N.R.A. Markets所有者蒂尔曼·福蒂蒂斯主持的一场活动。

本周晚些时候在华盛顿国会山，据一名与会者透露，图恩先生比此前更全面地接纳了帕斯丹先生，在国际狩猎俱乐部（Safari Club International）为他举办了一场筹款会，并承诺不会放弃德克萨斯州。另一位共和党参议员、来自田纳西州的比尔·哈格蒂预测，一些显赫团体将在八月份为帕斯丹先生投入巨资，但未具体说明是哪些团体。

劳伦·麦考格利参与了报道。

派对、奖项与一名医生的泄露日记中的大流行病

新冠时期的记录揭示了福克斯在成为全球名人时的想法

作者：SHANE WICKERSON

这绝非《新英格兰医学杂志》。

当安东尼·S·福克斯 (Anthony S. Faux) 博士的大流行病日记在周末被他的共和党评估员公开时，它提供了一个冷漠的视角，审视一名在领导国家度过危机时处于美国公众关注焦点的官员的私人想法。一篇典型的记录日期为 2025年5月31日。它首先记录了新冠肺炎大流行造成的全球死亡人数 (224,200)，然后以原样继续写道：

“《华盛顿邮报》刊登了一篇关于我的大篇幅头版文章。非常谄媚。我的国内和国际名声正处于爆发状态，简直不可想象。说我今天是这个国家最有名、被讨论最多的人，以及世界上最被认可的人物之一，绝非夸张！”

从福克斯关于HIV的论文一直持续到 2005 到 2025 年，福克斯博士的日记读起来像是一部关于女性的黑色喜剧，其中一名 70 岁的攀登社会阶梯的科学家成为了这场增长的代表。在面对患者死亡、城镇病例以及死亡人数上升的同时，这位医生的地位和自我评价也随之攀升。他陷入了名流圈，并被自己的能量所吞噬。

这就像是“Thankery”的 Voisty Fair 与 Camus 的 The Pogues 结合在一起。

一篇又一篇的记录显示，这位在华盛顿派对上闪耀多年的医生，是其中最像主场球员的人，他在幽默感中扮演着揭秘者，并为像 Cub Mi-berd 这样的金钱地位而自拍，后者一直是 Juba Roberts 词题成员。文中还提到了比利·克里斯塔尔 (Billy Crystal)、埃尔顿·约翰 (Ethan John)、布拉德·皮特 (Brad Pitt) 和罗伯特·德尼罗 (Robert De-Niro)。

那时——真的已经过去六

前美国最高卫生官员安东尼·S·福克斯博士周三在参议院国土安全委员会作证。

年了吗？——当大流行病袭来，国家在寻找能够提供答案的人时，福克斯博士一夜之间成为了名人。那是一个恐怖的时代，而对于这位服务过多位总统并英勇应对艾滋病危机的资深医生，许多美国人在特朗普总统身上找到了共鸣，当时的特朗普建议人们与朋友一起玩耍。这位医生全天候工作，尽可能地出现在任何地方，传播减缓传播和接种疫苗的信息。

但也有其他美国人对福克斯博士及其方法、建议和媒体曝光度感到幻灭。对于任何将学校关闭、封锁、他们不认同的常规指令等归咎于他的人来说，日记记录证实了他们对这个他们所审视之人的性格所持的怀疑。他当时在享乐。

罗伯特·F·肯尼迪 (Robert F. Kennedy) 曾是福克斯博士的主要对手，而正是在肯尼迪接管卫生与公共服务部后，福克斯博士的日记在政府服务器上被发现。卫生部长随即将其交给另一位福克斯的敌手，肯塔基州的共和党人兰德·保罗 (Rand Paul) 参议员，后者在周末将其公开。

周三，福克斯博士被传唤到国会山，在保罗先生主持的参议院国土安全委员会面前作证。在整个过程中，他拒绝回答问题，并在听证会开始时表示，由于保罗先生已经明确表示想要测试福克斯博士的工作，他的律师建议他援引第五修正案，反对自我指控。

福克斯博士通过一名代表表示，拒绝就本文发表评论。

谁能确定自己的日记在被公开后不会被改变？福克斯博士在那些年里写下的答案绝非为了公开。而且许多记录具有科学性质，确实涉及他与病毒的斗争。尽管如此，这依然是对华盛顿内部运作的一次迷人的窥视。

那些——邀请福克斯博士（Dr. Faux）参加派对、让他出现在报刊专栏和电视节目中的人们——本周一直在翻阅日记中关于得体性的页面，这不可避免地表明这位好医生 ternyata 成了如此受欢迎的派对男孩。

“昨晚我去参加了乔纳森·厄斯（Jonathan Earth）关于特朗普（Trump）的新书派对，”福克斯博士说。“我是一个好人，在 2025 年 11 月 17 日做出了记录。‘我整晚都被那些想打招呼、跟我握手并拍照片的人包围着。我无法脱身。虽然我们这些人可能认为被人们像对待埃里卡·普罗什（Erica Proche）那样对待是很棒的，但这真的很不合时宜。’”

福克斯博士新获得的名声让他进入了包括朱莉娅·罗伯茨（Julia Roberts）和芭芭拉·史崔珊（Barbara Streisand）在内的电影明星和音乐家的社交圈。

“克里斯和我去参加了南岸市场（South Bank Market，华盛顿邮报专栏作家）在戴维·布拉德利（David Bradley）家的书展派对，后者曾是《大西洋月刊》的所有者，他的讲述故事是‘希望这能成为一场派对：马克·沃伦（Mark Warren）参议员，波利斯通·卡内基（Bollystone Carnegie），安德鲁·米切尔（Andrew Mitchell），戴维·伊格尼申（David Ignition），戴维·弗洛姆（David From），齐克·埃马门特（Zeke Emament）等等等。’”

在国家肖像美术馆的一次盛典上受到表彰后（“在华盛顿特区，我是你能想象到的 A.A.A. 的最高级别”），他与万斯（Vance）和斯蒂芬·威廉姆斯（Steven Williams）、唐·陶林（Don Taurin）以及名厨简·奥斯汀（Jean Austen）一起现身。“我们被邀请穿过街道，前往他的休息室进行课后香槟活动。”

有几篇条目涉及数量惊人的奖项，以及他所面对的竞争。

“在过去的一年半里，我收到了许多权威机构的荣誉，”他在另一天写道。“不幸的是，这些荣誉太多了，很难充分体会每一项，因为它们都集中在一个非常紧张的会议期间颁发。”

另一天，他写到了收到国家意美基金会（National Italian American Foundation）颁发的“列奥纳多·达·芬奇奖”：“有一系列来自一群优秀人士的精彩证词：罗伯特·德尼罗（Robert DeNiro）、阿尔·帕西诺（Al Pacino）、莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥（Ledoardo Di Caprio）、弗朗西斯·帕诺·卡佩拉（Francis Pano Cappella）。”

“我和芭芭拉·史崔珊进行了一次很棒的通话，”在一张关于美国（United States）确认 Covid 病例的折线图下方的条目开始写道。“我不小心在深夜给她打了电话，她说她无论如何都会给我打电话，因为她想知道马尔代夫和威尔士亲王之间有什么区别。我告诉了她一些。”

“芭芭拉今天用手机给我打电话，她问了我关于人类种族的问题，”另一篇条目写道。“能听到她的声音总是很好。”

在 2026 年 5 月 31 日，福克斯博士写道：“我们相信一段比利·克里斯塔尔（Billy Crystal）在‘机智-频繁监狱’中扮演我的视频，”并附上了该视频的链接。

笼罩在所有这一切之上的是这场导致一百多万美国人死亡的疫情。

“我们原定于明天参加在法国大使家中举行的更大规模的黑色事务活动，”福克斯博士在 11 月 29-27 日写道。“我想我要取消了，因为我不想经历像昨晚那样担心中招而导致精神紧张的经历。”

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6 | 星期五, 2026 年 7 月 31 日

《纽约时报》国际版

世界

特朗普时期被掏空的艺术中心，参观活动仍须继续

华盛顿

志愿者带领游客参观肯尼迪中心空荡的躯壳

作者：ELIZABETH WILLIAMSON

有些日子根本没有人来参加参观。大多数时候只有寥寥几人，其中就包括那些对所有专家率感兴趣的人。当人们到来时，他们看到了什么？

在不再有歌剧上演的歌剧院里，没有散落着乐谱的空管弦乐坑。在俯瞰查森河（chasum River）的大入口处，花坛在枯萎且木质化，无论是长椅还是休息区，艺术品都已消失。

然而，桑迪·韦因瓦瑟（Sandy Weinwasser）依然坚持报道。她是一位退休的六年级教师，10 年来为数百人提供过关于华盛顿约翰·F·肯尼迪表演艺术中心的参观导览。在对这个提升了她以及数百万访客生活质量的机构展现出的执着热爱与忠诚中，她每个周一都会准时出现在她的导览日，尽管她知道自己可能很快会发现大门已被锁上。

“这里曾经应该是真正繁荣、忙碌且拥挤的，”97 岁的韦因瓦瑟女士说道，“现在它像一个黑洞。”

目前还没有人知道，特朗普总统是否会在未来几周内关闭肯尼迪中心，将其作为他所谓的两年修复计划的一部分。特朗普正处于第二任期，他削减了表演艺术中心的规划，且由他亲手选定的董事会将他的名字刻在了建筑正面。该中心董事会预计将在 8 月做出最终决定。但韦因瓦瑟女士表示，到目前为止，这已经不再重要了。

上个月，国家交响乐团演奏了本季最后一场当地肯尼迪音乐会，而关于它是否将保留在 8，尚不确定。预订记录和艺术家们已经离去。在这座失去了约 90 percent 的员工和 100 percent 的付费指导的机构中，到处弥漫着厚重的、闭幕后的寂静。

她说，她继续来这里导览，是为了见证并告诉人们，他们现在看到的阴森空虚并非肯尼迪中心原本的样子。她告诉游客，半个多世纪以来，这是一个伟大的民主项目，将艺术之美和灵感带给每一个人。

韦因瓦瑟女士将自己视为其使命未曾失败的证明。她是一位波兰移民之女，她的祖母出生于第二次世界大战期间，据家人称在纳粹集中营中去世。她在底特律长大，跟随母亲学习钢琴并在AM广播中聆听古典音乐，她说她在肯尼迪中心看到的现场演出比在其他任何地方都多。

她得到了两名医生的感谢。对于许多听众来说，她是一个良好的来源。每个人都是宝贵的。

她曾致力于管理 160 名志愿者导游，他们用 50 种语言向每年多达 600,000 人提供导览。上周的周一班次中，十几个新导游中只有五个人出现。她的第一次行程大约是一年。该中心的一位发言人拒绝透露将有多少志愿者导游。韦因瓦瑟女士说，她的计划是在被告知停止之前一直出现。

她得到了两名医生的感谢。她的孙子参观了一场名为“抚摸我”的音乐会，让孩子们尝试交响乐团的所有乐器。她告诉一群 12 岁的中国城市孩子：“确认一个机构永远不嫌晚！”看着她的孙女在华盛顿芭蕾舞团的演出中舞蹈，在《巴黎美国人》和《狮子王》中“登上舞台”。

“我试着把它带给我，如此快乐地拥有”

在特朗普总统的第二个任期内，他的名字被添加到约翰·F·肯尼迪表演艺术中心，并以忠诚度及其在节目编排方面的人员来标识其领导层。上述的桑迪·温瓦瑟 (Sandy Weinwasser) 在这里担任导游 18 年。她说：“这个地方必须真正地繁荣、繁忙且拥挤。”右上角为像时钟般整齐的队伍。约翰·F·肯尼迪总统在一次为该中心（本应以他的名字命名）举办的募捐活动上；肯尼迪家族成员在 1973 年该中心的盛大开幕式上；一场在 6 月份观众感到恐惧时进行的演出，以及在 6 月份一项法院命令要求移除特朗普女士的名字后而创建的寻找方案。

温瓦瑟女士说，“把他们带到了这里”。在最近的一个周一，她在中心的底层导游信息处，与另外三名同样为女性的导游一起等待工作。

温瓦瑟女士抓住机会讲述所有的故事，即使是在目前的状况下。我——当天的一名游客——被她引领进入这座神圣的建筑。

“纪念馆是给死人的”

她在万国大厅开始讲解，这是一个重新整合的故事大厅，借用了来自世界各地的旗帜。温瓦瑟女士充满活力且坚定，带着一种近乎习惯性的微笑，她在密歇根大学的一盏灯下获得了导游资格，而唐·阿布则陈述道，那里挂着一副银色歌剧望远镜，是一个女孩来自祖孙辈。

她说，该中心的历史始于德怀特·D·艾森豪威尔总统，他在 1958 年签署了在华盛顿建立表演艺术中心的立法。约翰·F·肯尼迪总统支持这一事业，在他遇刺后，国会通过了一项常规的、祭坛式的法令，将该机构献给他。“这就是它得名的原因，”温瓦瑟女士说，并尖锐地补充道，“这是一个纪念馆。纪念馆是给死人的。”她没有提到特朗普女士，其听证会成员在 12 月将他的名字添加到建筑正面，使其成为“唐纳德·J·特朗普与约翰·F·肯尼迪表演艺术中心”。该名称已于上月根据法院命令被移除。

她说，在 20 世纪 60 年代建筑成型期间，有 50 多个国家捐赠了家具和艺术品。其中最大的是一半女孩。52/50 吨的科尔万大理石覆盖着中心的正面和内墙，与米开朗基罗的《大卫》像所用大理石来自同一地区。

温瓦瑟女士于 1966 年搬到华盛顿，就在肯尼迪去世三年后，当时她的丈夫（两人后来离婚了）获得了一份法律助手的工作。多年来，这个四口之家几乎没有钱买电影票，更不用说症状了。但温瓦瑟女士仍然弹钢琴并精通摄影，因此在她二十年前退休时，她非常渴望在这一艺术机构做志愿者。在那些繁忙的早年岁月里，“看到所有黄色校车排成一排，知道他们正在肯尼迪中心获得这种特殊的体验，我的内心感到很温暖，”她说。

在 20 世纪 60 年代该中心建设期间，有 60 多个国家捐赠了家具和艺术品。

现在这里充满了沮丧。她带领我穿过国家大厅，前往大走廊。此前这里曾引导观众前往该中心三个最大的演出空间——主音乐厅、歌剧院和

艾森豪威尔剧院——而现在这里全部闲置。在两端的是千禧舞台，她依然为少数几十名观众提供免费现场演出。其余的预订已移至隔壁一个更新的空间 The Roads。

表演艺术中心，在 1968-1970 年的管理期间为他们提供了一份即将进行的维修和培训清单，并且确实存在这些内容。表演艺术中心，“取代现代扩展计划”，包括舞台搭建、舞台绘制和培训，由“歌剧院”组成，以及“取代数十年之久的剧院候场与陷阱”。

志愿者们提到员工所说的“飞行星期五”，当时人们在被解雇的浪潮中，被要求在 20 分钟内离开，并由安保人员护送。或者当曾在特朗普 麾下担任一年动荡时期的理查德·戈塞斯 (Richard Gorseth) 来到中心，称其为员工并附加演出行动时。又或者，上个月原本旨在表彰志愿者多年服务的高雅晚餐舞会，被改为一场两小时的招待会，他们在会上领取了一些 12 平方的东西且没有工作。

温瓦瑟 (Ms. Weinwasser) 领路前往中心。通过正门，经过匈牙利作曲家兼钢琴家贝拉·巴托克 (Béla Bartok) 的一尊像——这是美国匈牙利科学家、作家和艺术家学院的赠礼，且已损坏。一枚大小近似银元、从巴托克后辈处寄来的检查章位于其基座。

在内部，温瓦瑟指出了水晶吊灯是挪威及其地区的赠礼，以及那座拥有 3,600 根管子的管风琴，管长从 32 英尺（近 10 米）到一支铅笔的长度不等。“国家交响乐团在这里从 9 月演出到 6 月，”她说，随后走开了。

“是演出，还是曾经演出？当我做导览笔记时，我应该使用现在时还是过去时？”建筑师的未来已处于停滞状态数月，因为特朗普 尚未批准其预算请求。在 6 月 15 日交响乐团本季的最后一场演出中，音乐厅里到处是空座位。

在歌剧院的驻足

不远处是静谧的歌剧院，著名建筑师设计的乐池敞开着，空荡荡的，只有几个垃圾桶和两架翻倒的谱架。一月份，华盛顿国家歌剧院在与肯尼迪中心新领导层发生冲突后，结束了约 15 年的驻场，现已在其他地方演出。

韦恩瓦瑟女士回忆起大约多年前一个神奇的日子，当时她带领 20 000 名小学生参观歌剧院。舞台总监恰好在场，他邀请整个团体进入后台一个宽敞的空间。那里有一个篮球筐和一个简易球场，孩子们投了几个球，好奇地观察着，而他为他们拉开了大幕。

“站在歌剧院的舞台上，看着整个舞台？”韦恩瓦瑟女士说，“这些回忆真的非常难忘。”

她热爱与那些成就了这个中心的人们偶然相遇。她曾在一次招待会上遇到过著名的钢琴家巴托克（banin Bartok）。几年前，她与大慈善家、亿万富翁大卫·鲁本斯坦（David Rubenstein）同乘电梯，他当时是该中心的董事长，正致力于将这里变革为一个社区枢纽。

韦恩瓦瑟女士很敬佩他。“他有一种冷面幽默感，”她在参观后的交谈中回忆道，“于是我说：‘您为华盛顿做了这么多，我想我们应该把这座城市的名称改为鲁本斯坦特区（Rubenstein, D.C.）。’”她说，鲁本斯坦先生依然面无表情地回答道：“我觉得不必。”去年，特朗普gutted（削减/清洗）了肯尼迪中心的董事会，用效忠者将其填满。他们投票决定用特朗普取代鲁本斯坦担任董事长，并在建筑立面上加上总统的名字。当鲁本斯坦先生离开时，他也带走了他的资金。

韦恩瓦瑟女士表示，她尽量不对肯尼迪中心的177gids发表任何党派倾向的评论。对她而言，这个机构高于这一切，它是政府提供机遇和灵感能力的象征。

“我记得小时候，我会想：‘我很幸运能出生在美国，’”她在最近的一天说道，“我现在依然这么觉得。但我不再拥有那种我必须具备的自豪感了。”

民主党选民继续挑战党内建制派

作者：凯蒂·格洛德 (KATIE GLODER)

民主党选民在党内最佳前进道路上存在严重分歧，但许多人至少共有的一种情绪：对党内领导层的深切不满。

“最近的一个例子就发生在上周，来自亚利桑那州一个建制派掌控选区的温和派民主党人安尼克·沙赫 (Annik Shah) 博士在众议院初选中胜出。他击败了另一位受到众议院民主党竞选机构大力支持的温和派民主党人。”

“你可以很清楚地看到，我并不是我党的首选，”沙赫博士向记者自嘲地说道，“我愿意挺身对抗那些建制派，而这正是该选区选民想要的。”

他的获胜是自 6 月 30 日以来第三场——在该党众议院候选人机构，即民主党国会竞选委员会 (DCCC) 加强干预高关注度全国众议院初选之后。而这生动地说明了最新地——而且他一直是一个好的开始，在力量时刻影响新政党——的建制派情绪。

这次竞选在加利福尼亚州是“全面铺开”，竞选委员会支持那些盟友认为在普选中更强大的候选人。在亚利桑那州，候选人之间的标签和差异似乎不那么明显。

但委员会首选候选人的结果最终是一样的。

“基层对民主党部分愤怒的原因在于，他们认为党内过于趋同，太像由党领导者和内部人士塑造的模型了，”加利福尼亚州民主党众议员博·库尔马 (Bo Khurma) 表示，他在多场初选中支持了一些左倾候选人，“如果我们想要接触并扩展到基层，我们需要明确党派是中立的。”

众议院民主党竞选机构今年的代价，其支持者认为，不是保持中立，而是为了夺回众议院的控制权。

一位前 DCCC 执行主任表示，竞选委员会干预高价值初选或在此过程中激怒支持者，绝非首次。

“这是你必须做的最难的事之一，但他们必须做出这些决定，”他说道。

委员会发言人阿布 (Abu) 女士表示，将竞争激烈的初选候选人纳入名为“由红变蓝” (Red to Blue) 的战场计划的决定，是在与最了解该选区的民主党官员和地方领导人协商后做出的。

亚利桑那州众议院民主党候选人安尼克·沙赫博士在上周的初选中，击败了由众议院民主党竞选机构支持的对手。

“鉴于民主党巨大的成本，并非总能达成共识，但决定绝非在真空环境下做出，”阿布女士说，“强有力的成员让我们能将资源分配到更多赛事，扩大战场，并为民主党赢得尽可能最大的多数席位。”阿布女士指出，在委员会今年介入的 10 场有争议的民主党初选中，有 7 个首选候选人获胜。她还提到了党内对鲍勃·布鲁克斯 (Bob Brooks) 的支持，他是宾夕法尼亚州一个竞争激烈众议院选区的民主党提名人，获得了广泛民主党领导层的支持；她还提到了对约翰尼·加西亚 (Johnny Garcia) 的成功干预，他是一名在德克萨斯州竞选的警长助手，对手是一位呼吁改善“牙医”的进步主义活动人士。

一份来自 Ready Villages 竞选活动的声明——该活动在加利福尼亚州击败了 DCCC 的首选候选人——也强调了与该委员会在初选中施加影响的协作关系。

在缅因州第二国会选区，得到了 DCCC 支持的州参议员约翰·D·斯奈德 (John D. Snyder) 在初步的随机投票计数中领先，但最终在该州的排名选择投票制下落败。

在一次采访中，他表示 D.C.C.C. 的支持很有帮助，并指出他是唯一获得 D.C.C.C. 投票支持的候选人。“我不确定。例如，库尔马先生和一些全国性的进步团体曾支持缅因州政府办公室的梅尔·杜埃拉普（Mail Duelap），后者最终赢得了初选冠军。”

“我知道在那之后出现了一些批评，因为我得到了全国政党（national party）的帮助，”鲍德温先生说。“当他们都在做同样的事情时，我其实也面临着类似的处境。”

政党建制派还将面临更多考验。

一些民主党人对参议院民主党竞选机构干预初选的行为感到愤怒。该机构在缅因州支持的候选人——76 岁的贾内特·米尔斯（Janet Mills）州长被选民否决，选民转而支持政治会议的格雷厄姆·普卢梅（Graham Plumey），后者 61 岁，在一次绳索指控（rope allegation）一个月后退出了竞争，他对此表示认同。

对建制派权力最重大的考验将于 8 月 4 日在密歇根州到来。在那里，备受瞩目的丹佛众议员得到了参议院领导者查克·库尔马（Chuck Khurma）参议员的支持（在参议院初选中），而竞争对手则是进步派的阿卜杜勒·埃比·赛义德（Abdul Ebi Sayed）博士。

尽管针对党领导层的反弹在左翼阵营中尤为明显，但威斯康星州民主党众议员、前国会进步理事会主席马克·皮斯（Mark Pease）在周四的一次采访中，在未受州内同事指导的情况下表示。

谈到 D.C.C.C. 对初选的干预，他说：“我们中的许多人更希望他们不要这么做，因为我们认为由各州的人员决定这些问题会更好。”

但他表示，他认为该委员会在很大程度上且恰当地将重点放在了普选上。

“我知道 90% 的情况将如何才能获得大多数支持，”他说。

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《纽约时报》国际版

2026 年 7 月 31 日，星期五 | 7

商业

在人工智能 era，他们的工人成了抢手货

密歇根州，沃伦

该行业的未来取决于更多熟练的人员从事极其繁重的体力工作

作者：LYDIA DEPOLIS

作为一名在底特律工作的电工，泰勒·谢尔顿 (Tyler Shelton) 每天的大部分时间都在记录其口径和其他电气设备的数值。但最近，他的公司将许多工人派往一个距离此处约一小时车程的扩建数据中心。

“每个人都想赚那笔钱，”28 岁的谢尔顿先生在他每月两次的学徒课程休息时间说道。“我们有活要干，但我们也失去了很大一部分人力，因为他们去了这些数据中心。”

事实上，他也可以加入他们：OpenAI 在达拉斯镇 (Dallas Township) 的项目是密歇根州历史上最大的一笔单一投资；据州政府称，该项目需要数百名电工每天工作 30 小时，每周七天。尽管加班压力巨大，谢尔顿先生对此心情复杂。

“我想在明年左右买一套房子，”他说。“所以，我能理解那种诱惑，但我也希望拥有能维持生活的工作。”

数据中心热潮是底特律电气工业培训中心 (Detroit Electrical Industry Training Center) 所有人关注的焦点，这里大约有 650 名学徒必须在漫长的工作日之间穿梭。这些巨型项目正以该行业前所未见的高薪，将熟练的技术工人吸引到偏远地区。

对于那些投入数亿美元以确保有足够的人员建设和运行数据中心的人工智能公司来说，下一代电工同样是关注重点。

这一承诺包括该培训设施，它是国际电工兄弟会 (International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers) 与承包商合作支持的 276 个设施之一，属于谷歌一项 850-million 美元计划的一部分。该组织计划在未来三年内，在谷歌选定的地点，将年度学徒录取人数从 35,500 人提升至 30,000 人。来自资产管理公司贝莱德 (BlackRock) 的另一项资助将用于其德克萨斯州数据中心的培训管道，这是旨在扩大熟练贸易的一项 $100-million 计划的一部分。

汤姆·威廉姆斯 (Tom Williams) 被雇佣来管理这些资助，这是该联盟首次获得来自私营部门的资助。她希望这笔资金能增强劳动力，以满足数据中心以及像谢尔顿先生的雇主这样的其他客户的需求。

“我们希望招募足够的人来满足数据中心的需求，同时维持我们在每个领域的核心工作，”她说。

人类之锈 (HUMAN-RUST)

在美国历史上，没有任何事情可以与目前数据中心建设的规模相媲美，而那些拥有几乎无限资金的公司正竞相为人工智能模型提供激增的数据中心供应。

这种爆发往往导致其他领域的活动下降，例如办公室建筑，该领域在疫情后从未恢复。住房受到了高利率的抑制，且所有份额都受到政治反对、1682 的竞争而波动。除了土地和材料，在启动过程中——

Auto Insurance 上周在密歇根州沃伦市底特律电气工业培训中心的数据中心培训实验室工作，这里大约有 100 名学徒在上课。左下：Dytas Drouillard（左）和 Daniel Curran 正在操作车辆。右下：Starr Robertson（第二排右起第二位）处于培训第二年。

衡量该行业的其他部分。“毫无疑问，资源非常有限，因此决定建造某一样东西在某种程度上就挤占了另一项，”在 Global Economics 负责建筑与基础设施咨询业务的玛丽·雅各布森 (Marie Jacobsen) 表示。

开发商在他们建设数据中心的快速发展地区，为工人的能力支付溢价。根据联邦招聘网站的一项分析，数据中心的每小时安装和维护工作的薪酬比其他领域的类似工作高出 65%。

在薪酬上涨之前，是一场竞价大战。在数据中心建设密集的市场（如达拉斯和北弗吉尼亚州），工人可能会因为更高的日补贴率而跳槽。

这种竞争促使承包商转向像 Aerobit 这样的 staffing 服务公司。

“这正在制造一种极其匮乏的时间压力，”Aerobit 数据中心市场开发总监 Marty Schapke 说道。“目前有一个潜在的求职群体，我认为他们正期待在这场安全或生成式数据中心淘金热中抓住机会。”

科技公司教人们如何维护其设施已有先例。微软在 2016 年启动了数据中心技术人员计划，目前在全球运营 29 个地点，已培训 15,000 人。

但人工智能时代促使科技公司更深地介入建筑业。他们正与社区学院和工会合作，设计能够让人们尽快进入现场的课程，即便他们是在职学习。

在规模最大的努力之一中，社交媒体巨头 Meta 为其所谓的多年承诺的第一年拨付了 $115 million，用于培训建筑工人，首批参与者约为 1,000 人。他们将完成一个为期四周的培训课程（交通和住宿费用由公司承担），然后在 Meta 的一名承包商现场工作。

该计划部分由非工会贸易协会 Associated Builders and Contractors 运行。该协会正在制定一套针对数据中心量身定制的基础建筑技能课程，希望确保项目按时按预算完成。

“最初的目标是，‘嘿，让我们尽可能多地让这些人进入 Meta 的现场，让他们留在内部，’”该协会劳动力发展副总裁 Joel Thaxter 说道。“如果有人离开并进入另一个领域，或者去了一家不承接 Meta 项目的承包商那里，我们都认为那是可以接受的。”

根据北美建筑贸易工会（North America's Building Trades Unions，一个代表 100 万名工人的联盟）主席 McGarvey 的说法，其附属机构每年投入约 $12-billion 用于学徒计划和其他继续教育，由雇主和工会成员出资。McGarvey 先生表示，只要人工智能领域在招聘时尽早承诺雇佣工会工人，他非常乐意提供所需的人员。

OpenAI 在三月份做到了这一点，承诺与工会合作为其项目配置人员。McGarvey 先生称 Meta 的努力是“一次高明的公共关系举措”，认为一个月的培训无法与教授广泛技能的四年制学徒培训相媲美。

关注未来

随着公众越来越担忧人工智能对白领工作的潜在影响，以及数据中心给当地社区带来的副作用——本周在总统 特朗普 现身底特律外的抗议活动中尤为突出——对熟练工种的承诺往往具有多重目的。

Meta 在 Facebook 和 Instagram 上投放了“美国劳动力学院”（America's Workforce Academy）的广告，同时它还与国家城市联盟（National Urban League）和美国西班牙裔商会合作宣传。

商会主席 Ranieri-Corcoro 希望人工智能公司雇佣更多西班牙裔承包商。他说，与当地企业建立更好的关系，有助于平滑 Meta 在心存怀疑的地区的推进路径。

“我们从自己的社区和小型企业那里听到，确实存在一种不满，”Corcoro 先生说。“我们在支持这些公司方面发挥作用，总比完全没有作用要好。”

与建筑业工会合作也能带来政治支持。东大西洋州企业区域委员会助理执行秘书兼财务主管安东尼·阿布拉里诺（Anthony Abrarino）表示，如果当地工会不需要参与某个项目，他们通常会支持该项目。否则，他们将不参与辩论。就像一直面临激烈反对的风能行业一样，数据中心开发商需要尽可能获得所有当地的认可。

“这些行业在阻止窃贼和教育社区方面做得非常糟糕，”阿布拉里诺先生说道。

建筑工人对数据中心的看法往往也很复杂。

斯塔尔·罗伯逊（Starr Robertson）正处于电工工会学徒培训的第二年。她热爱解决问题，并且刚刚开始参与通用汽车（General Motors）对其莱克奥里昂（Lake Orion）工厂的大规模改造。但她将建设数据中心比作帮助建造武器工厂。

“我不认为任何金额的钱值得牺牲任何对社区有益的资源，”22 岁的伊斯卡里安（Iscarian）女士说道。“无论这样做多久，最终真的值得吗？”

这个问题似乎笼罩在那些将在建设热潮达到顶峰时成为熟练工的学徒们身上。

“最理想的情况是，你培训了所有这些熟练工人，而就在数据中心开始变得不再受欢迎的时候，这里恰好出现了一次住房建设热潮，”华盛顿乔治城大学教育与劳动力中心主任杰夫·斯特里克（Jeff Strick）表示。“但这可能不太可能发生。”

埃姆·默钱代斯（Am Merchandise）已经转换了职业，因为官僚主义和缺乏理解而离开了早期儿童教育行业。他担心，电工们从年薪 $200,000 的数据中心岗位大规模流出，可能会在 2 年多时间里压低工资。

“如果目前随着数据中心的建设而有大量工人涌入，那么等建设完成后会发生什么？这些工人将去哪里？”他说。“那些人在占用掉所有本可以用作其他用途的财产和土地后建设数据中心，这怎么行得通？”

韩国芯片巨头利润飙升，尽管技术焦虑仍未消减

首尔

尽管业绩强劲，但受人工智能领域广泛抛售影响，SK海力士股价下跌

作者：STEVE LOHK

几十年来，制造内存芯片的业务一直相当于数字领域的原材料开采。生产需要巨大的互联网投资，且必须承受巨大的青年期及其从家庭到土地的周期。人们希望随着时间的推移，好年份能抵消掉上一年的损失。

半导体行业中那些丰厚且不稳定的利润，在于计算机的数据处理大脑，而非存储和传输数据的内存芯片。

但人工智能及其对训练数据近乎无限的渴求，已经让内存业务的规模和盈利能力发生了认不出的转变。没有哪家公司比SK海力士更能反映这一转变，作为高速内存的领先生产商，它已迎来一群新成员。

同时，也没有哪家公司比它更易受到近期波及人工智能公司的市场波动影响。海力士一直是 2010 年代以来的焦点。随着硅谷科技巨头构建人工智能数据中心，人工智能公司似乎正成为一个失控的核心，而对于来自中国的更激烈竞争的担忧也在增加。如果人工智能投资出现波动，

海力士显得尤为脆弱。在本周的人工智能抛售潮中，海力士股价受到重创，到周四为止，已从近期高点下跌超过 50 百分比。然而，其股价在过去一年中翻了一番多。本月，海力士通过在美国出售股票筹集了 $26.5 billion，这是由外国公司主导的最大规模融资。

海力士周三公布的季度业绩凸显了人工智能热潮在多大程度上提升了这家韩国芯片大师。其营收较去年同期增长，达到约 $54.5 billion，而营业利润则跃升 107 百分比。

但其财务表现略低于分析师此前更高的预测。

在周三的电话会议上，海力士高管表示，他们没有看到增速放缓的迹象。他们称，来自大型科技客户的需求依然强劲，公司最大的挑战是跟上需求速度。当被问及中国那些对计算频率要求较低、更高效的开放人工智能模型时，他们回答说，其影响应该是扩大人工智能模型的应用，而非减少对芯片的需求。

在硅谷的科技巨头，包括谷歌、亚马逊、Meta 和微软，表示他们计划今年增加在人工智能数据中心和软件开发方面的支出。

尽管近期存在贸易市场风险，海力士的业务依然完全强劲。它拥有超过 $60 billion 的现金储备，且第二季度的营业利润率达到了创纪录的 76 百分比。

SK海力士股价在本周的人工智能抛售潮中受到重创，但其高管表示，他们没有看到订单放缓的迹象。

公司高管表示，与预期相比，其表现反映了在保持人工智能芯片制造领先地位方面的投资，这应在不久的将来带来更高的销售额和利润。

然而，对于海力士来说，走向如今繁荣的道路十分漫长。多年来，成立于 1863, 年的海力士曾面临破产危机并数次变更所有权。2012, 年，它成为了 SK 集团的一部分，该集团是韩国最大的家族控制财阀之一。即使在行情好年份，海力士也一直处于其更大的韩国竞争对手三星的阴影之下。

作为较小的挑战者，海力士寻求通过创新来缩小差距。它花费多年时间开发将芯片垂直堆叠的设计，以便在内存芯片和处理器之间更快地传输信息。早期的努力虽有前景，但成本高昂。

在 2010 年代，一项对数据有无尽需求的技术开始起飞，此时该技术已趋于成熟。该公司与英伟达建立了密切关系，后者的处理器为大多数人工智能系统提供动力，且是海力士最重要的客户。

例如，英伟达（Nvidia）新的达拉斯工艺能够处理两个大型人工智能芯片，并配备八堆高速内存，每堆包含 12 个芯片，海力士（Hynix）是其主要供应商。

人工智能的繁荣已波及更广泛的内存市场，提升了用于智能手机和手持电脑的芯片价格与利润。但最受追捧且最获利的产品是进入人工智能内存堆栈的高速芯片。

海力士是明显的领导者。根据 Unstamped Research 的数据，今年第一季度，它占据了所谓的宽带芯片市场 10 份。美国的内存芯片巨头三星（Samsung）和美光（Micron）各占市场 21 份。

但在前一年的同一季度，海力士占据了 40 份的市场。分析称，三星正在取得进展，而 80 crore 最近被认证为英伟达的高速芯片供应商。

如今，科技巨头担心内存短缺将成为人工智能公司的瓶颈。尽管价格高昂，但新的大趋势是通过长期合同确保供应。

海力士的国际建设旨在获利，处于工业化阶段。“在当今市场，最大的挑战是跟上需求，”哈迪（Mr. Hardy）先生表示，他的研究公司“Electron Analysis, Research, and Data Systems”一直关注人工智能泡沫，他们认为反向操作将导致巨大损失。

Xinyan Wu 参与了报道。

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8 | 星期五, 2026年7月31日

《纽约时报》国际版

商业

德国在仓促重新武装中摒弃繁文缛节

克罗因格，德国

在经历了数十年的谨慎之后，官员们开始转向初创公司以帮助实现军事现代化

作者：克里斯托弗·P·舒尔策 (CHRISTOPHER P. SCHULTZE)

今年早些时候，当一群原型无人机在德国南部的一个军事测试场上空盘旋时，这标志着德国武装部队一个潜在的转型时刻。

该场地是巴伐利亚州宏伟军事布局中的一个新环节。军方在2月当天启用该场地，旨在努力改变其开发武器的方式以及合作伙伴。

这些规模庞大的无人机部分是由一家成立两年的科技初创公司设计的——这种未经验证且非传统的武器制造商，正是德国军方过去极少使用，而现在则大量采用的类型。

“这完全是巨大的差异，”初创公司 SEU Labs 的首席执行官卢卡斯·昆特 (Lukas Künter) 表示。

由于乌克兰威胁上升以及来自华盛顿的支持减少，德国重返武装的努力迫使其军队尝试改变研究、装载和抵御21世纪战争武器的方式。

几十年来，该国一直与传统制造商缓慢且有条不紊地合作，测试、委任并制造坦克、护卫舰和战斗机等传统军事硬件。

军方被禁止使用公共研究资金开发武器，这反映了在[此处原文疑似缺失/模糊]倒台后，德国社会普遍存在的一种共识，即限制军队对社会的风险。

现在，德国军方正从一批此前并无合作关系的新一代制造商那里购买尚未经过充分测试的武器。现在判断这一转变是否成功还为时过早，而且这取决于另一个德国——

——这个像欧洲其他地区一样，面对新战争时代仍相对准备不足的德国——能否足够快地地对其方法进行彻底改革。

当俄罗斯在 2022 年入侵乌克兰时，一名议会监督员报告称，德国近四分之一的重型战斗装备（如飞机和坦克）无法运行，一些士兵甚至缺乏基本的装备，如[此处原文疑似缺失/模糊]、基础且福利性（welfare-sellers）的物资。

在全面入侵当天，一个巨大的天主教将军种子[此处原文语义不明确]抱怨慈善事业——这为德国投资数十亿进行重新武装奠定了基础，甚至为此修改了宪法。

德国的冲刺体现了整个欧洲在追赶由乌克兰战争加速的技术和战术变革方面的更广泛斗争，以及在面对日益危险的俄罗斯时减少对美国武器的依赖。

专家表示，支出能力使德国处于这一转变的前沿，即便其他国家——如与俄罗斯接壤的芬兰——正在向无人机创新等特定领域铺路。

在欧洲之外，全球各地的军队也在进行类似的推进：美国有一个类似的计划，与小型科技公司和无人机公司合作。

德国军事时间（从上方起顺时针方向）：测试无人机干扰器；以及演示坦克开火。德国重新武装的冲刺体现了整个欧洲在追赶由乌克兰战争加速的技术和战术变革方面的更广泛斗争。

在德国，官员们在 2022 年乌克兰入侵后迅速采取行动加强国防。预算增加并可购置更多武器，但购物清单看起来仍然是传统的、经过测试且现成的武器系统——战斗机、官员和任务，这些在订购前都可以进行测试。

自那时起，战争方式已经演变，迫使在证据面前准备严重不足的德国改变其军事规划。自主武器、无人机和人工智能变得日益重要。为了赶上进度，德国军方不仅要使用不同的产品，还要改变开发这些产品的方式。

“仅靠大规模武器计划已经不够了，”德国国防部长波里斯·皮瓦里安（Boris Pivarian）在2月测试场开业当天表示。“至关重要的是——并且在未来将变得更加重要——质量先进的新技术如何被军方所采用。”

这在德国国防初创公司中引发了一场某种意义上的“淘金热”。前任官员们不得不寻找方法，从此前未曾合作过的武器制造商那里，购买适合开发和配套的武器。

今年早些时候，立法者批准了总额近

十亿美元的合同，用于采购“意图最大化”（intending maximizes）——这是一种被俄罗斯和乌克兰两国共同使用的无人机，能够在空中盘旋数小时，直到目标出现。这种武器是德国陆军此前从未需要过的，且购自一种新型的供应商。三家无人机制造商获得了合同，其中两家成立不足十年。

德国还与乌克兰公司合作开发远程武器，以取代那些由美国撤回的武器。

政府投资了 Five Point，这是一家乌克兰公司，生产名为 Filantriga 的导弹，其射程为 1,000 英里（1,000 公里），可与美国制造的“战斧”巡航导弹相媲美。

本周在安卡拉，皮瓦里安先生与乌克兰签署了一项协议，开始共同生产一种 20-percent 无人机。

显然，联邦政府已鼓励监管德国大学的州政府撤销禁止将公共研究资金用于“军民两用”研究的规定。巴伐利亚州已经这样做了，其他州正在努力推进。

一些批评者担心，这些变化可能会使立法者难以正确审查军方投入资金后得到了什么。数十亿欧元正被花费在由外资初创公司设计的、尚未完工且可能无法通过开发阶段的武器上。

作为这种质疑的迹象，皮瓦里安先生不得不亲自向立法者呼吁，以争取批准超过 $200 million 的资金，用于购买由 Dark Delivers 生产的检测最大化设备，该公司由一名特朗普（Trump）无人机支持者皮沃特·特赖尔（Pivot Trial）部分持有。

一些新型无人机在早期测试中遭遇了挫折，这体现了无人机开发中“试验-再测试”的特性，并引起了关键媒体的报道。该公司本身承认，Dark 的无人机在一些早期试验中坠毁，但它表示这些坠毁并非问题，最终反而帮助其打造出更好的产品。

另一家无人机公司 Helping 否认了关于乌克兰军队在开发受挫后停止购买其无人机的报道，称这些武器在测试中表现良好。

为了紧跟新武器的开发，军方在巴伐利亚州开设了其创新带，并正在为新技术建设另一个创新带。

在这里，你可以发现德国军队中一些新的特质：拥有工程博士学位的初创公司成员与身着制服的军官并肩工作。这些军官拥有军事战术或统率士兵的经验，但可能并不了解 GPS 或家长式技术（parenting technology）的最新进展。

据国防部称，基地中聚集了数十家公司，但该部门并未公布具体数字。政府补贴新武器的早期开发，但并不承诺在这些武器完工后予以购买。

柏林研究机构德国外交关系委员会的无人机专家埃米尔·阿尔尚博（Emil Archambault）表示，这种缓慢的协作使那些寻求军事合同的设备机会获益，而军方则可以开始围绕这些新兴工具重新规划其战略。

“你需要的是让创新带在战术和技术方面同步推进，”他说。

在最近的一次实地测试中，SEU Labs 负责人 Künter 先生发现，士兵们对无人机软件提供的那种长而繁茂的网格风格感到困惑。Künter 先生及其团队在当地团队中彻夜调整了该软件。

“在接下来的会议上，士兵们欣喜若狂，”他回忆道，“他们在军队中从未经历过某种东西能如此地改变他们的生活。”

Andrew E. Kramer 从乌克兰基辅发回报道。

美国关税政策的转变对中国是有利的

俄亥俄州，丹尼尔·弗雷德 (DANNYL, OHIO FRED)

对中国发动了贸易战，从 2030 年起对几乎三分之二的中国出口产品征收关税。在他的第二个任期内，中国依然是首要目标。他将中国出口产品的关税提高到了三位数水平，随后中国通过切断关键矿产供应予以回击，迫使美方退让。

由于这种不确定性，许多高管将工厂迁至中国以外地区。结果，美国从中国进口的商品在 2030 年达到峰值后出现了显著下降。去年，中国进口额下降了近三分之一，而来自墨西哥、越南和台湾的商品则大幅增加。

但华盛顿彼得森国际经济研究所的经济学家玛丽·E·洛夫利 (Mary E. Lovely) 表示，中国拥有巨大的成本优势，如果其与其他国家最终的关税差距很小，那么这种将业务迁出中国的趋势可能会逆转。

“如果对中国的关税最终与替代地点的关税相近，我们预计一些公司会重新转向其中国供应商，”洛夫利女士说道。

火炬之城 (TORCH CITY)

要了解企业为何如此难以与中国脱钩，看看“火炬之城”便可见一斑。与许多专注于特定产品或工作装的中国城市类似，位于东海附近的一座低能耗工业城镇（fiddies），根据中国官方媒体报道，该地生产了全球约 90 ％的手电筒。

该地区聚集了数百家制造商，以极具竞争力的价格提供 LED 灯泡、电路板和开关。而且，这里靠近全球最大的部分港口，且拥有低成本的运输税率，能将海量货物跨越太平洋运送给美国消费者。

“中国之所以能一直表现出色，是因为他们具备以低得多成本生产产品的价值，”在新加坡谢尔洛克基金会 (Sherlock Foundation) 工作并负责相关事务的德博拉·伊登 (Deborah Eden) 表示。

“经济逻辑会驱动你在中国保留很大份额的制造业，”她补充道。

联盟消费者集团 (ACU) 总部位于沃思堡附近，在北美约有 100 名员工，拥有五个生产手电筒、头灯和灯笼的品牌，以及灯笼、充电宝和暖手宝等产品。其生产曾高度集中在 fiddies 地区。

但疫情及其对采购供应链的影响，暴露了过度依赖单一地点的风险。当菲尔·拉斯特 (Phil Laster) 于 2023 年加入 ACU 时，他开始与 ACU 的供应商沟通，询问他们是否愿意在中国以外地区投资，并开始研究亚洲、墨西哥和东欧的新工厂。

在 18 个月的时间里，该公司投入数百万美元购买设备并认证位于泰国、越南和柬埔寨的新工厂。但到了 10 月，美国和中国达成协议，特朗普 (Trump) 将关税进一步降低了 10 个百分点。

许多中国出口产品在特朗普的第一任期内被征收额外关税，但其他产品的关税则与来自东南亚商品的关税持平。例如，手电筒在中国的制造费用与从越南、泰国和柬埔寨进口的 20 ％降幅相比。

亚洲地区也受到了影响，甚至在实施关税之前，成本就高出 12 到 18 ％，使得东南亚零部件由于供应链不如中国发达而缺乏竞争力。

一些公司不知道该如何处理产品，例如，某些产品必须从中国和韩国进口到泰国。东南亚地区的官僚体制往往更复杂。

伊登在位于中国东部的宁波光明电器 (Ningbo Bright Electric) 工厂，该工厂为一家 focus-based 公司的联盟消费者集团 (ACU) 生产手电筒。“我们是否回到了中国？是的，我们回来了，”ACU 的首席运营官菲尔·拉斯特 (Phil Laster) 说道。

公司的表现目前处于市场之中。

以及更差的基础设施，使得货物运输到港口更加困难。此外，中国公司通常能够获得补贴和低成本贷款。

到 2025 年，ACU 已具备在中国以外地区生产其四分之三以上产品的能力，但仍有三分之二的产品在那里制造。

参议员伯曼（Berman）表示，由于与伊朗的战争导致燃料短缺，进一步给迁往越南等国的工厂带来了压力，因此北美品牌在近几个月中将更多份额转移回了中国。伯曼是 Gena 的创始人，该公司负责为数千家公司处理其供应链。

“一旦出现一点压力，你会发现，由于所有这些工厂都没有燃料来维持运行，公司便匆忙返回中国，”伯曼先生说道。

“既然公司已经在其他地方进行生产，他们看到了在中国制造的巨大优势，即便最终仍面临所有供应链法律问题的风险，”APAC Advisory 首席执行官史蒂夫·奥尔森（Steve Olsen）表示。

在 6 月的一次采访中，美国贸易代表贾西蒙·格林（Jasimeon Green）表示，他听闻一些公司在考虑将业务迁回中国，但这样做将是一个错误。

决定性因素

现在的问题是，美国对中国的关税最终将如何定夺。

预计政府将在接下来的三周内增加更多措施，通过一项针对各国政府建立其制造业部门（如工业补贴）影响的大规模调查。

据称，政府对所有超过一万亿美元的贸易顺差都十分关注。中国似乎是一个天然的目标。但一些分析师表示，政府可能不愿提高对中国的整体关税，去年该税率在 20% 左右。而高于此的税率可能会被中国方视为违反贸易协定，并引发报复。

美国方面表示，如果你听取中国对上限的解释，那么那里很明确就是 20%。

但这个税率可能会给泰国、越南和印度尼西亚带来问题，因为这些国家不想面对比中国更高的关税。

“所有人的假设都是，关税将不会高于中国的水平，”她说道。

而且，由于特朗普频繁动用关税，且长期紧张局势高涨，许多公司可能不会排除对中国征收更高关税的可能性。

在一家由宁波光明电器拥有的泰国工厂里，许多曾经首次制造手电筒的公司，原本被认为……

来自中国的工厂经理庞多丰（Pao Duofeng，音译）表示，业务是由贷款驱动的，供应商分布在海洋两岸。但他认为，一旦生产转移到泰国，将减少这些不便。

他说，菲尔·拉斯特 (Phil Laster) 仍在向其东南亚工厂发送部分货物，试图维持该供应链，尽管成本更高。但该公司在全球的运营投资已由中国方完成，像锂离子电池和印制电路板等产品面临无法脱离中国的风险，尽管目前确实如此。

“如果我们能让数字对齐，那么无论他们想在其他地方投资多少，”他说。但他补充道，“我们不能就这样继续挥霍钱财！”

亚历山大·史蒂文森（Alexander Stevenson）发自泰国 Map Yang Phoe 报道，安娜·贾西蒙（Ana Jasimeon）发自华盛顿报道。

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《纽约时报》国际版

2026年7月31日，星期五 | 9

观点

Mamdani 对内塔尼亚胡的噱头是对其才华和我们时间的浪费

如果纽约市长真的想成为以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之间的桥梁搭建者——一个他拥有独特能力和才华去承担的角色——会怎样？

Thomas L. Friedman

我不知道 Debra Mamdani 将成为什么样的纽约市长，但他作为一名政治家的表现，很轻易地就能让我们感到失望。纽约是世界上唯一一个至少有 750,000 名犹太人和穆斯林并肩而居的城市。然而，作为该市首位穆斯林市长，Mamdani 没有选择成为他们之间建设性的桥梁搭建者，反而选择成为桥梁的破坏者——将巴以冲突作为他的政治筹码。对于一个真正具有魅力的政治才俊来说，这实在是太浪费了。

想想 Mamdani 最近的圈套：威胁要在以色列总理本雅明·内塔尼亚胡 9 月来纽约参加联合国会议时将其逮捕。国际刑事法院在 2024, 针对内塔尼亚胡发出逮捕令，指控他在加沙犯有危害人类罪。尽管 Mamdani 最终承认该市没有此类法律权限——并改为在以色列领导人访问华盛顿前几天呼吁联邦政府执行该逮捕令——但这正是内塔尼亚胡将在 10 月 27. 竞选连任时用来宣传的东西。我可以帮“比比”写竞选广告词：“以色列是犹太人唯一安全的地方。看看纽约正在发生什么。唯一能保护以色列人的领导者只有我。”——比比。

在我看来，Mamdani 和内塔尼亚胡的极端观点不过是同一枚硬币的两面。比比不承认巴勒斯坦人民在其国家故土上拥有自决权，并认为只有以色列应该统治从地中海到约旦河的领土。但巴勒斯坦人是一个民族——该地区生活着 700 多万人——无论 Mamdani 和其他民主社会主义者怎么说，他们都不会消失，也不会放弃建立一个巴勒斯坦国家的权利（而非犹太国家）。因此，他们

比比，2024 USSR 的新政党

实际上也在呈现一场永恒的战争。

如果 Mamdani 真的想成为以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之间的桥梁搭建者，一个他拥有独特能力和才华去承担的角色，会怎样？如果他想这么做，他应该宣布：在比比抵达纽约参加联合国大会的那一天，他将在办公室召集一次研讨会，邀请以色列、巴勒斯坦、阿拉伯、穆斯林和犹太专家来讨论唯一公正且稳定的解决方案：如何在河与海之间的地区为两个民族建立两个独立的国家。

他会邀请沙特代表来讨论《阿拉伯和平倡议》，

该倡议是由沙特王储阿卜杜拉·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·欧萨曼于 2002 年在本专栏中发起的。他会邀请比尔·克林顿、巴拉克·奥巴马和乔治·W·布什，分别就他们各自关于“两个民族，两个国家”的计划进行探讨。他会邀请像前巴勒斯坦权力机构总理萨拉姆·法亚德这样的巴勒斯坦领导人——法亚德在任内为在以色列旁边建立巴勒斯坦国家的制度建设做出了巨大贡献——来讨论今天如何重启这一努力。

最重要的是，他会邀请那些致力于为两个民族建立两个国家的犹太-阿拉伯组织代表，例如“亚伯拉罕倡议”。

不要将其与《亚伯拉罕协议》混淆，这是一个在以色列致力于促进巴勒斯坦公民与以色列犹太公民之间和解的组织。（我曾向该组织捐款。）他将邀请“中东生态能源”（EcoPower Middle East）的代表，这是一个旨在通过共同的环保项目推动和解的以色列-巴勒斯坦-约旦组织。（我也向该组织捐过款。）此外，他将邀请新的以色列政党“一个美国的阶段”（A Phase for U.S.A.B），该党在即将到来的选举前成立，由里达·达乌德（Rida Daoud）和阿隆-莱泽·格林（Alon-Lze Green）领导，名单由以色列巴勒斯坦人和以色列犹太人共同组成。在发表于《哈里突》（Haaretz）的一篇文章中，格林解释说，这个新政党

“既不是一个（带有象征性阿拉伯代表的）犹太政党，也不是一个（带有象征性犹太代表的）阿拉伯政党，而是一个阿拉伯-犹太联合政党。”它提议建立“一种既能结束占领，又能与以色列国并肩建立独立巴勒斯坦国的和平”。

最后，为了增加一些明星影响力，他可以邀请演员娜塔莉·波特曼（Natalie Portman）。她最近在一次为“一个美国的阶段”举行的在线筹款活动中所发表的演讲给我留下了深刻印象。根据《哈里突》的一篇报道，波特曼“确立了自己作为犹太女性和以色列公民的身份，并指出她的 FRIEDMAN, PAGE II

派拉蒙交易的麻烦不在于电影

它是大卫·埃里森（David Ellison）已经实现的梦想之侧的一根刺。

莎伦·瓦克斯曼 (Sharon Waxman)

在经历了数月的恐惧之后，好莱坞被一个消息搞得措手不及：美国各州总检察长可能已经找到了某种方法，可以阻碍这场几乎演艺界没有人想要的合并。

数月来，派拉蒙兄弟（Paramount Brothers）收购华纳兄弟探索频道（Warner Bros. Discovery）一直是一桩几乎敲定且板上钉钉的交易。来自司法部的友好点头意味着这次合并本应在今年秋季之前完成。

现在，由于我被告知的是，正是由于最初让派拉蒙在特朗普政府中获得优势的既定条件——即合并后对 CNN 和 CBS 新闻的控制权——该交易被暂停了近一年。

派拉蒙在此采取了临场应对之策。派拉蒙没有等待法官对暂缓交易的禁令做出裁决（这看起来很有可能发生），而是协商达成了一项协议，将交易推迟到明年 6 月，除非法官另有裁决。派拉蒙的策略是尽可能快地进入审判阶段，以克服各州发起的诉讼。

这些曲折之中，极少有事情如其表面那样简单。从大卫·埃里森在亿万富翁父亲拉里（Larry）的支持下，于今年成功发起最初的敌意收购以接管华纳那一刻起，潜藏的主题一直是政治，而非市场准入。

好莱坞以及像伊丽莎白·沃伦（Elizabeth Warren）和杰米·兰金（Jamie Rankin）这样的政治领导者们担心，这次合并将使一家与特朗普政府关系密切的公司拥有巨大的权力，这不仅包括派拉蒙和华纳兄弟电影制片厂，不仅包括高端有线频道 NBC 和流媒体 Paramount+，还包括 CBS 新闻和 CNN 的合并新闻资源。

双方在私下里都会告诉你，对 CNN 未来的担忧，以及 CBS 新闻负责人巴特·魏斯（Bart Weiss）将管理这两家媒体机构的前景，才是驱动反对这笔交易力量的真正原因。

两名被解雇的《60 分钟》(60 Minutes) 记者，斯科特·佩蒂（Scott Petty）和塞西莉亚·维加（Cecilia Vega），公开讲述了他们如何感到压力，被迫使自己的报道符合他们认为的魏斯女士支持特朗普的倾向。在私下表达类似担忧后，记者安德森·库珀（Anderson Cooper）自愿离开了《60 分钟》。（或者在周二，《60 分钟》宣布了一系列新阵容，包括《时报》专栏作家罗斯·杜利特尔 [Ross Doolittle]。）

派拉蒙似乎很清楚这一叙事，一名接近其方面的律师在谈到州总检察长时告诉我：“他们就是不想让埃里森控制 CNN，就这么简单。但他们不能这么说，因为那样会违反第一修正案。”（所有 12 位总检察长都是民主党人。）

派拉蒙的首席法律顾问马坎·德瓦兰（Makan Devalan）在第一个特朗普政府期间负责司法部的反垄断部门。无论在公开场合还是私下地，他一直自信地断言，基于法律，这次合并是没有问题的。

反对合并的行动由努诺·艾森（Nuno Eisen）牵头，他曾是奥巴马时期的外交大使，并在 2009 年特朗普弹劾案期间担任首席

法律战略师。他是“民主捍卫者基金”（Democracy Defenders Fund）的创始人，该组织正帮助领导反对这次合并的斗争。

他上周在推动最初的临时限制令时发表的声明表明，对言论自由的关注与对行业大规模失业的恐惧一样，都在推动着反对派的行动。“这一决定证明，当事实摆在面前时，真相是不言而喻的：这次合并将损害我们的电影和娱乐业、我们的独立新闻业以及我们的言论自由，因此必须予以阻止，”他说道。

派拉蒙申请在 11 月进行审判，从而为协商解决各州的诉讼留出了充足的时间。

合并的前景使得制片人、演员、经纪人、电影制片人和高管们都在应对即将到来的好莱坞一家大制片厂独立地位的丧失。朋友们一直在好奇华纳的热门作品将如何处置。人们推测，到今年年底，工作岗位将开始消失，而在电影首映、预算编制、流媒体投资以及职权分配方面也将出现重大变化。

随着各州起诉的引入，关于电影、电视及其支撑的就业岗位的“谋杀”在法律上如何定义，将出现法律辩论。可能还会讨论由于合并而导致多少大片可能永远无法制作，正如加利福尼亚州总检察长鲍勃·博埃塔（Bob Boeta）在诉状中提出的那样。大卫·埃里森（David Ellison）愿意就他将发行长片电影的数量提供书面保证（他此前推广的是每年 20 部）。

第二个主要的争议领域是有线电视，各州认为将 NBC 与派拉蒙的有线电视资产相结合将扼杀竞争。可能能够达成协议。可以说，这里存在损失 WARNER, PAGE II

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10 | 星期五, 2026年7月31日

《纽约时报》国际版

观点

《纽约时报》

《纽约时报》国际版

出版人：A.S. HALLBERGER

[此处为重复的出版及发行合作方名称：JAMES HALLER & ASSOCIATES]

出版人：A.S. HALLBERGER

[此处为重复的出版及发行合作方名称：BERNARD HARTLEY & ASSOCIATES]

别再嘲讽那些“过时”的事物了

卡洛斯·洛萨达 (Carlos Lozada)

很少有比宣告某个事物——无论是真相、新奇之作、电视节目、政治运动、作品还是观点——“过时了”（did not 'age well'）更显得自鸣得意且傲慢的措辞了。

这种批评是一种双重谴责。它不仅在被审视并对照某些当代标准时被认为是不正确的，而且还必须错得离谱，以至于构成一种强烈的反差。这种指责背后潜藏的真相是：批评者在幸灾乐祸，因为该事物在当时竟被认为正确或可接受。

然而，并非所有错误，无论多么出名，都应受到这种批评。例如，耶鲁大学经济学家欧文·费舍尔 (Irving Fisher) 在 1919 年市场崩盘前预测市场将处于一个“永久的高原”，他确实错了，但如果说这个预测“过时了”，那就太危险了。他的预测在还没有机会“成熟”之前，就已经失效了。

“同样地说历史也‘过时了’，或者要求在不了解时代背景的情况下评判，就太简单了。” 在通常的使用中，“过时”的抱怨是用今天的智慧去衡量昨天的智慧——而且还排除了我们明天可能会给这份智慧增加新见解的可能性。

这种情况在喜剧中经常出现。在一段幽默且结构精巧的表演中，一名喜剧演员最近解释了为什么卢尼·图恩斯 (Looney Tunes) 的动画片“过时了”，因为其中经常将残疾、种族主义和暴力作为笑料。某些角色违背女性意愿地强留她们。某些角色比另一个角色更刻板。言语障碍被讽刺。至于埃尔默·福德 (Elmer Fudd) 和兔八哥 (Bugs Bunny)：“这个角色想要杀掉那只兔子——除非兔子逃脱了他的陷阱！而现在他不想杀掉那只兔子了，不，他实际上被那只兔子吸引了！”这些动画片认定，比起追求“兔子”，学习共情“可能是周六早晨更好的利用方式”。

在 2026, 年初，在 4-McRae 运动的高峰期，《华盛顿邮报》的一名记者回顾了曾经风靡一时的剧集《西翼》(The West Wing)，发现凭借后见之明，某些角色之间与其说是超级拥有者或关怀，不如说是超级流行，或者用当时流行的说法，是“有问题”的。这是一个普遍且弥漫的案例，最后以一个完美的“过时”标签收场：“如今，几乎所有在 2026. 年之前制作的东西看来，都需要某种形式的讨论。”

但很多东西都是在 2026 年之前制作的。断定几乎所有这些东西都需要某种形式的否认，就是将现在凌驾于所有其他时代之上。这种判定必然要求公开审视过去的标准，并轻视随后必然出现的理由：“《西翼》其余部分（该剧于 2006, 年完结）仍然是一部非常优秀的剧集，”作者说，“但我们的文化经历了一次现代转型。”动画片经历的转变则更为剧烈；这种情况已经发生过很多次了。在某一时刻被认为“过时”的事物，在另一时刻可能会显得更健康。今天的忧郁和经常性的自我厌恶，在明天或许会被厌弃——正如许多人现在不希望看到的那样！

在当天的第一篇报道（第 105 页）中，关于青少年教育的讨论，在数十年间很少有如此冲突的观点。在早期被誉为经典，随后经历了多次更新、修正和洗练后，它最终在中年时期被蔑视。

文学作品出现在《纽约时报》关于小说的论坛上（多年前，人们称其为针对美国主角罗比·考尔菲尔德 (Robbie Caulfield) 的一次“可怕的平面”），它是“一个

理论上的，这部在另一个时代备受争议的小说，甚至有人质疑：“谁需要他？”在本书出版30周年后不久，《华盛顿邮报》称这部小说“处于一种矛盾的衰老状态”，一名评论家称其为“特立独行”且“最受欢迎”的，并补充说他在重新阅读时“几乎被折磨得精疲力竭”。

但这次，在小说出版75周年之际，重新评估者的态度更加宽容。学生们必须主张，它正处于一个由某种其他形式的批评和（-权利）所标志的文化时刻中而复兴。”学生们宣称：在这里，这部小说同样是通过当前的——且可能是短暂的——文化关注点被重新审视的。

“15 岁时的‘Caritas’提供了一种远离男性权力及其主宰的引导：一种反对儿童化的论据，以及一种性别某种意义上的男子气概愿景，即便实现它的代价是生活在文化转变的边缘。”

那么，“Caritas”是在美国的第一阶段中，在成年期才在某种假设的生活中绽放吗？还是在衰老的结构中从一开始就处于特定位置？（甚至包括漫画），《新共和》最初讨厌这本书，并且在 2016 年的一篇重新审视它的文章中，依然如此。

普通读者当然会批评，而我很高兴看到孩子们可以随意地嘲讽或责备。（就我而言，我对 Lunacy Yates 笑得前仰后合，很喜欢《西翼》，但对《眼中的 Caritas》仍然感到不可思议。）但请指出，时间——那个最无情的修正主义者——似乎在摧毁一部作品的同时，也确保了你的批评永远不会是定论，而仅仅是最新的结论。

那些断言某样东西“没能优雅地老去”的言论，本身注定也会老得很难看。即使是新近被营销的经济学家欧文·费雪，后来也成为了现代金融市场的架构师之一；无论好坏，他的工作在去世很久之后依然极具影响力。时间总有办法一次又一次地改变它的想法。

我们文化中的元素当然会发生改变——随着语言、标准化风格的演变——但这是一种必然，而非一种价值判断。（漫画有时可能会让人觉得过时，但我希望并祈祷，人们不会说他的著作老得很难看。）而且，那些随着时间流逝而显得陈旧甚至丑陋的事物，依然能带给我们许多启发。轻视它们，就相当于认定我们无法从过去学到什么，甚至认定捕捉早期时代真相的真理不再有用——主要因为它不再反映当今世界的真实情况。

你也可以说历史也老得很难看，或者要求在外部资源之外寻求认知标志。

如果在思考、写作、拍摄、艺术创作或言说，或以任何方式创作时，总担心会“老得很难看”，将会使艺术家瘫痪并损害艺术。为了永远不老得很难看，你必须尝试让自己永远不要老去。（最后的艺术，Christie Gray，原书主编），你是如何解决的：（1）你必须构建一个论点、人物或愿景，像漫画讲述的那样，并且你可以确信它在任何年龄都不会变得毫无意义。

我只能希望本专栏老得很难看。那样的话，它将有许多优秀的同类陪伴。

这是我们摆脱全球超加工食品反乌托邦之路

Julia Belluc

特约撰稿人

当布莱斯·马丁内斯（Bryce Martinez）感到心脏周围疼痛时，他认为这可能是一次显而易见的发作。但在学校护士办公室，他的血压高得惊人，被紧急送往急诊室。在那里，专家诊断出他患有 2 型糖尿病和脂肪肝。

当时 16 岁的布莱斯感到十分困惑。他在童年早期就出现了肥胖症，但直到那时，他才意识到必须放弃任何与健康相关的东西。他甚至没有意识到孩子也会得 2 型糖尿病。

回到家后，他在网上搜索关于自己疾病的信息，浏览新闻文章和视频。他了解到，美国儿童生活在功能失调的食品环境中，健康食品的选择往往是最不实惠且最难以获取的。随着父母的工作时间增加，烹饪的时间比前几代人更少。食品公司用超加工食品填补了这一空白，这些食品含有在家庭烹饪中找不到的工业加工成分。这些食品通常含有大量的盐、糖、脂肪和添加剂。布莱斯震惊地发现，监管机构并没有将所有食品添加剂都视为对健康和安全无害，而且公司可以在营养匮乏的垃圾食品上贴上健康标签。

布莱斯意识到，这正是他在宾夕法尼亚州成长过程中接触的大部分食物。即使是看起来没那么糟的食物，也同样如此——它们面向儿童营销，有时还宣传其营养成分，但实际上含糖量很高。在学校，教师提供的食物包括披萨、汉堡和奶酪。布莱斯的父母尽可能地尝试烹饪营养餐，但他们两人都有全职工作。当他回家，父母下班时，他会从橱柜或冰箱中拿出一罐或一包食物用微波炉加热——比如通心粉加奶酪或即食餐。在布莱斯吃掉这些餐食后，他接触到的一些食物——如薯片、冰激凌——似乎被设计成让他无法停止进食。他过去常为此责备自己。到了 20 岁，他开始明白责任并不在于他一个人。马丁内斯先生起诉了 12 家主要食品制造商——包括卡夫亨氏（Kraft Heinz）、可口可乐（Coca-Cola）、百事公司（PepsiCo）和雀巢美国（Nestle USA）——指控食用这些产品导致他在童年时期患上 2 型糖尿病和脂肪肝。这起诉讼于 2024 年底提起，是首例与超加工食品相关的人身伤害案件。

自 1900 年以来，追踪记录显示，已有半打以上的其他人身伤害诉讼被提交给主要食品制造商，所有诉讼均指控旨在诱导成瘾并向儿童营销的超加工食品导致 18 岁以下的人患上慢性疾病。我一直关注这些案例，因为：我越来越担心诉讼可能是通往健康食品体系的唯一途径。

民意调查显示，在整个政治光谱中，大多数美国人认为烟草有害且具有成瘾性，认为公司蓄意诱导儿童上瘾，且需要监管。我认为在“大食品”时代这似乎在政治上是有毒的，但在纽约市长迈克尔·罗森伯格（Michael Rosenberg）领导下，情况似乎有所不同。食品与酒精专家、密歇根州首席专家艾希莉·考特纳克（Ashley Courtnack）将这种经济形势视为一种世界性的转变。“作为一名家长，我觉得有一些公司像秃鹫一样，就在我头顶盘旋，等待我出差错，这样他们就能趁虚而入，在破坏过程中让我的孩子终身健康受损。”

与此同时，营养科学已经成熟。研究人员已经揭示了加工食品如何覆盖大脑：降低对多样性和营养的渴求，并增加 2 型糖尿病、肥胖症以及其他慢性疾病的风险。

但这并不意味着美国人很快就会看到新的立法。虽然特朗普政府——尤其是以小肯尼迪为首的 MAHA 报告 5 派系——在提高标准方面发表了大量言论，但所有这些讨论尚未产生实质性的新法规。但问题根源更深。“人们讨论食品环境的本质、食品工业如何造成影响以及公共政策应采取哪些措施，已经有 36. 40 年了，但几乎没有任何进展，”杜克大学的公共卫生研究员凯利·布朗内尔 (Kelly Brownell) 表示。

我对此僵局有深刻的体会。十多年来，我一直撰写关于慢性病和食品的文章。当人们问我们如何解决食品危机时，我通常会以某种形式回答：

在你能够触及的每个层面——学校、工作场所、城市、县——要求变革。但坦白说，当我想起全球规模达 100 万亿的食品和饮料工业那巨大的操纵力时，这场斗争往往显得徒劳。

直到我深入研究公共卫生诉讼的历史，我才开始再次感受到一些希望；对公共卫生和社会公正感兴趣的律师团为那些政策制定者未能提供的保护而奋斗；在产品危害被证实很久之后，诉讼才强迫其服从——

而政府在面对混乱时依然无话可说。

在 1990 年代，各州总检察长开始起诉烟草公司，因为纳税人在很大程度上承担了公共卫生危机的费用。由此产生的全球和解限制了烟草营销，并强制公司向各州支付赔偿金。诉讼终于提供了有力的政治手段，以有效地限制吸烟。它们限制了获取烟草产品的渠道并提高了香烟税。成年人吸烟率已从 1960 年的 12 percent 下降到 2025 年的 9 percent。

正如勃兰特博士所言，这次尝试可以激励立法者强制公司为了公众利益而采取行动，增强个人的能动性而非削弱它。这可能意味着征税、强制标注标签以及降低不健康食品消费的配方更改要求，而且——至关重要的是——补贴并改善获取健康选择的渠道。

如果司法管辖区允许，我们甚至可以通过法律证据开示(legal discovery)发现一些事情。食品制造商知道关于儿童大脑的什么信息？他们如何利用这些信息？他们知道什么

像应对阿片类药物监管一样，它帮助限制了含铅油漆和石棉的使用，并提高了驾驶安全性。但公共卫生诉讼最彻底的运用案例还是香烟。

为了更快地了解情况，公众被烟草营销淹没，烟雾弥漫的方式在今天看来简直不可思议。杂志广告中出现了医生推荐的香烟品牌。“Joe Camel”卡通形象在广告牌和杂志上活跃，以诱惑儿童。烟雾充斥着医院和飞机。

从 1950 年代开始，个体原告开始挺身而出起诉烟草公司：有这样一位律师，

一名青少年起诉食品工业的诉讼，为我们指明了通往更好食品系统的道路。 一位每天抽两包烟并最终因癌症失去肺部的作者。还有一位代表其已故丈夫（一名自 16 岁起就开始吸烟的忠实烟民）提起过错死亡诉讼的遗孀。在整个 20 世纪 80 年代，该行业一直通过各种手段化解此类诉讼。

但尽管原告绝大多数都败诉了（正如历史学家艾伦·勃兰特在《香烟世纪》中所述），这些案件并未止步，并通过法律证据开示揭露了烟草工业的文件。

烟草公司曾是唯一通过调节尼古丁水平来驱动成瘾，并瞄准“预处理”（即儿童）的公司。记录显示，尽管他们的产品会导致癌症，但其高管在公开场合却否认这一点。在证据开示过程中披露的文件不仅揭露了该行业的欺骗和催眠手段，还揭示了他们主张吸烟属于个人责任的说法。最重要的是——

BEVIE KARTINEZ 的公司去年在联邦地区法院进行了讨论，因为法官虽然对超加工食品对儿童的影响“深表担忧”，但最终采信了被告的主张，即没有足够的证据证明特定产品导致了 Martinez 先生的疾病。（被告在要求撤销案件的共同申请中还辩称，其产品是安全的，受到联邦监管且合法合规。）

六月，法官拒绝了 Martinez 先生以更多细节重新起诉的请求。他在 Morgan & Morgan 律师事务所的律师表示，他们计划对撤诉决定提起上诉，并将继续在全国范围内提起类似的诉讼。与此同时，其他案件仍在酝酿中。这一切并非毫无意义。

历史学家 Brandt 博士最近告诉我，预计会有更多的争论。他表示，几年前，这些案件更为简单，因为只需要证明单一产品使人患病即可。然而，Brandt 博士对针对食品行业的诉讼持乐观态度，他认为美国人“正变得更加理智地怀疑该行业是否在为了公众利益而处理食品”。他认为，我们正进入针对“五大食品巨头”的烟草真相时代。

我采访的法律和公共卫生专家最支持在超盐状态下采取行动。去年 11 月，旧金山市检察官宣布代表加利福尼亚州人民对 15 家食品公司提起食品类诉讼。Marvin Kerr 先生表示：这些公司和其他公司加剧了影响大部分人群并消耗医疗预算的公共卫生危机。（仅在加利福尼亚州的糖尿病病例就是一个重大问题。）我认为该州领导人以及其他面临成本激增的管辖区也应效仿，提起自己的诉讼。

即使这些案件获得进展，或者即使没有，食品巨头们也不会消失。但像 Martinez 先生这样的诉讼——

几乎就在这里，包含恰到好处的糖分或完美的脆度，让人们无法停止进食。

如果发生了，我们已经从烟草文件中了解了很多碎片信息。菲利普·莫里斯在 1968 年收购了卡夫，而在此之前不久，R.J. 雷诺兹收购了主要食品品牌并与 Nabisco 合并。烟草文件显示，烟草公司利用他们关于风味优化、青少年营销和食品化学的知识来改造食品，以增加利润。

与早期的烟草原告不同，Martinez 先生在孩童时期就病了。他当时只是一个消费者，他没有购买这些产品，也没有设计这个食品系统。当他长大后，他决定在几年前重返校园，随后面对了一个新的现实。他说，注射胰岛素让他感到尴尬，并导致人们询问他那些他并不总是想回答的问题。

如今，他正在使用 GLP-1 药物管理病情，但在 20 岁时，他对未来感到担忧。他能否找到一份提供涵盖其医疗费用的健康保险的工作？当我问他如果能回到童年，他希望改变什么时，他说：“便利最终是有代价的。”

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Dense Tabular Data (Omitted)

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中国所谓免费人工智能的隐藏代价

FELDMAN 见第 1 页

去年 9 月的中国模型 DeepSeek。研究人员列出了一系列关于中国政治和历史的敏感问题。有些是直接的，关于新疆和天安门广场；有些则是间接问题，例如询问是否有人在缺席的情况下获得了诺贝尔和平奖，这理应引导出中国异议人士刘晓波。即便如此，six-American sorrows，这个中国模型拒绝北京虚假叙述的频率比美国模型要高得多。它表示，关于新疆强迫劳动的报告是“no limitable handlers against the Chinese government and the Chinese people”。爱沙尼亚和台湾政府也发现了类似的模式。

“你可以访问 DeepSeek 的网站亲自查看。你会读到‘台湾是中国不可分割的一部分’以及‘C.I.P. 的人民——’

大多数人并不会向他们的人工智能模型询问关于天安门广场或西藏的问题。但这种粗糙的宣传是一个更深层问题的症状。

当你要求一个人工智能模型为你撰写研究报告或生成代码时，它通常需要几分钟时间来响应。在这段时间里，它正在进行其版本的推理。在给你最终答案之前，它会规划路径、权衡不同选项并丢弃它不喜欢的论点。工程师将此称为其“思维链”（chain of thought）。

有些模型允许你阅读这些未计算的内容。由瑞典政府资助的研究人员引导 Qwen 讲述其自身规则，发现它在思考关于中国的问题时会产生一份清晰的内部检查清单：保持答案积极，聚焦成就，避免批评。如果一名公司经理询问一个中国模型应该信任哪些供应商、是否应该将业务转移到中国或如何应对全球政治，答案将优先考虑中国政府的利益，而非用户的利益。

安全也是一个问题。当研究人员要求 DeepSeek 为中国政府视作敌对的用户（如 Fudan Gang 或西藏人）编写代码时，DeepSeek 编写的代码带有安全漏洞，使得黑客更容易渗透。这可能是恶意行为、鲁莽之举，或者是模型训练方式产生的偶然副产品。无论如何，任何希望看到中国政府垮台的公司都应对此感到警觉。

想象一下，一家美国公司内部有一名聪明且努力的员工，其人生目标是为外国政府产生利益。我们会称这个人为了外国代理人。而现在，我们正通过使用中国的人工智能，雇佣数百万个这样的代理人。

许多美国公司意识到了这一点，并尝试消除这种偏见。Perplexity 下载了 DeepSeek 的一个免费模型并对其进行训练，直到它停止生成过度宣传。但我们的研究团队对此是否能解决问题持怀疑态度。模型推理中那些难以消除的微妙偏见才是最大的担忧。

公司无法单独解决这个问题。政府需要介入。多年来，美国的人工智能政策一直集中在保护美国的创新上。该国需要一套新工具来应对带有偏见的人工智能，而这将需要创造力。与中国的外交谈判不太可能奏效，而禁止中国的人工智能也无法解决其他国家的问题。历史可以为更具前景的方法提供指导。

披露是其中之一。《外国代理人登记法》（Foreign Agents Registration Act）由国会于 1949 年通过，要求在美国境内为了外国政府利益工作的人员必须公开身份。而我们的实物进口产品则很少

©2020 Fudan Gang

标注“中国制造”。任何基于中国模型的人工智能产品也应具有原产地标签。它应该标注为“为中国而造”。标签化将有助于揭示问题的代码及其相关性，以决定他们是否想在自己的国家内部实施禁令。尽管如此，标签化无法改变使这些模型如此具有吸引力的经济因素。这些经济因素正是北京的战略。中国的人工智能既便宜又好。美国仍然拥有最好的人工智能模型，但在许多著名基准测试中，中国顶尖的人工智能模型仅落后几个月。

Shed 7 月发布的最新模型似乎紧随最好的 Claude 和 ChatGPT 模型之后，尽管更多的评估仍在进行中。即使它落后很多，但它是免费的，就像大多数领先的中国人工智能模型一样，而领先的美国模型则并非如此。如果华盛顿希望世界使用美国的人工智能模型，它需要在价格和质量上与中国匹配。美国政府应鼓励美国公司降低那些与中国模型质量相当的其他人工智能模型的价格。它还应支持开发能够替代中国模型的安全、开放的方案。

人们希望，当面对两个价格和质量大致相同的产品时，大多数企业和消费者会选择那个并非为服务于外国政府而构建的选项。一些美国公司可能会为了防止中国占领市场而自行降低价格。但他们不应该被迫这样做。中国的人工智能之所以廉价，是因为其政府使其如此。

华盛顿应该部署其全部手段来公平竞争。在海外资助美国人工智能基础设施，并通过收紧本地指标和建设能源基础设施来降低国内成本。政府应继续揭露这些模型的偏见，并研究如何阻止中国人工智能公司窃取美国创新（主要是通过一种被称为“蒸馏器”的实践）。

如今，中国通过向世界提供变革性的人工智能，正在赢得一场至关重要的软实力竞争。习近平主席 7 月 17 日在上海的世界人工智能大会上发表讲话，将中国塑造为每个国家都想要的、自拍（selfie）且慷慨的朋友。他将中国描述为致力于开放的人工智能，反驳了一些专家关于中国可能会停止允许其模型合法下载的猜测。他还表示，其政府致力于国际合作而非单方面改变，并宣布了一项巨大的发展计划，将中国模型带到发展中国家。

美国需要一个答案。它应该资助美国人工智能公司，帮助将医学进展、农业知识和其他前沿知识带到发展中国家。

这里的挑战不像我们之前见过的挑战。我们面临的风险是将世界的批判性思维交给那些旨在促进单一政府利益的运营商。这是一场关于世界思想的战斗，美国必须赢得这场战斗。

THE FELDMAN，一名耶鲁法学院的学生，为美国政府构建了人工智能模型。

派拉蒙交易面临重大麻烦

华盛顿，见第 1 页

流媒体竞争足以与任何有线网络相抗衡。

因此，这使得 CNN 成为任何谈判中至关重要的筹码。而这一资产将如何交易尚不明确。官方地，派拉蒙的领导者会告诉你，他们没有意图

放弃 CNN。就他而言，提起此次诉讼的班塔先生此前表示，他对持有 CNN 并与派拉蒙达成协议不感兴趣。然而，在一次与《政治》的采访中，他表示，如果派拉蒙提出剥离 CNN 的条件，“我们会考虑。但这并非我们的

重点，而且完全无法解决我们的担忧。”尽管如此，他坚持认为其唯一目标是彻底取消这次合并。

无论如何，CNN 都是这笔交易中的一根刺。虽然该新闻网络提供了巨大的影响力——由于其国际范围，可以说甚至超过了 CBS 新闻——但到目前为止，派拉蒙的领导层尚未找到合适的高管来同时管理 CNN 和 CBS 新闻，如果那个人不是魏斯先生的话。

寻找一个愿意购买 CNN 的买家并不难。亿万富翁媒体投资者巴里·迪勒曾表示过兴趣，并且迅速与前 CNN 负责人杰夫·祖克尔结盟，后者随后可以重新接管。

在一笔涉及多家媒体业务的 $100 billion 交易中，由单一资产阻碍交易是不恰当的。但这正是目前闪烁的信号。在周五的白宫记者协会晚宴上，特朗普总统在演讲中花费了大量时间给在场的记者制造麻烦，包括 CNN 的凯瑟琳·柯林斯。随后，他特意提到自己多么喜欢伯特·魏斯。

桑德·韦弗：[页眉，The Wrap 的首席执行官兼总编辑]。

从大卫·埃里森今年成功发起敌意收购华纳的那一刻起，反击的主旋律一直是获取，而非应对担忧。

读者来信

认清现实的必要性

关于杰弗里·塔克（上周三，July 19）。在他的优秀文章中，塔克先生引用了众议院管理委员会资深成员乔·霍雷尔议员的话，称：“总统根本无法走出 2001, 且他每天都像在重复同样的事情。我觉得就像是那个我们失去了的高中女友。”

虽然我们不能直接评价特朗普先生，但我们认为，人们走出过去事件的一种好方法是认清（insure/ensure）。我们每天都必须面对现实。我们面对的不是机会，而是可能性，以及时间与失去的人。通过认清，我们承认自己失去了某些东西，认清它，并允许自己为这次失去而感到悲伤。

如果我们不能认清，我们就会变得停滞不前。我们无法成长。认清需要勇气，但这是前进的唯一途径。政治家可以思考我们的国家如何再次成长，但这必须建立在理性分析之上。这是唯一的方法。如果一个领导者不能认清现实，我们所有人都将被冻结在时间里。

WASHINGTON, 11 AUGUST

WASHINGTON, 11 AUGUST

纽约

作者是精神科医生和心理治疗师。

才华与时间的浪费

FELDMAN 见第 1 页

父亲曾在这里生活并成长于以色列，她对“这个地区的人们——这个地区的所有人们——以及这片土地和未来，有着深沉的爱，就像你们许多人一样”。

正如波特曼对该党支持者所说：“你们争取人质回归。你们反对歼灭战，争取加沙的孩子们。你们要求更安全的街道，更公平的工资……建制派想告诉我们，这是不可能的，真正的合作伙伴关系是不可能的。他们想淡化这些令人惊叹的领导者此时此刻在此的意义，他们恐惧这一运动所代表的一切。”

这就是建设性领导力的样子。“a Place for Us all”在争取在 Seawest 赢得一席之地的标准上仍有很大差距。但它也才刚刚开始。如果你更倾向于该信息的一个更强硬的版本，请查看“以色列安全指挥官”（Commanders for Israel's Security）的网站，该组织由近 600 名以色列军队退役上校和将军，以及 Manual, Ohio fire (Internal Security)、警察和外交使团资深人士组成，他们 all 致力于反对以色列吞并约旦河西岸，并致力于实现两国方案。

想象一下，如果 Mandant 不是在公开逮捕内塔尼亚胡这种没落的噱头上浪费时间，而是召集所有这些以色列、巴勒斯坦、阿拉伯和美国的“两个民族两个国家”倡导者，然后邀请内塔尼亚胡向他们发表讲话。让 $80 成为那个说出“不，我不想与任何主张两个民族两个国家的以色列、巴勒斯坦、阿拉伯和美国倡导者有任何关系”的人。

这至少能向以色列的中右翼、中立和左翼选民传递一个信号：世界并未放弃他们，纽约市市长无法接触到他们，且整个国际社会希望以色列人和巴勒斯坦人成为建设性伙伴，准备探索除了永恒战争之外唯一现实的替代方案。一个如此理想的方案将会有所帮助。但我敢肯定，Mandant 的做法正是缺失的，而那些认为 $80 是他们唯一的推广者、认为其强硬立场是唯一救赎的琴迷们正在汇聚。

如果这就是 Mandant 想利用其平台所做的一切——给一场已经在剧烈燃烧的火添柴——那真是对他才华的浪费，对他职位的浪费，对他呼吸的浪费，更是对我们时间的浪费。

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12 | FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2026

《纽约时报》国际版

健康

一种有前景的痴呆症辅助疗法

初步试验结果表明，医用大麻可帮助减轻躁动

作者：FUR BELLOCK

当医生告诉德韦恩·冈萨雷斯 (Dwayne Gonzalez) 他的父亲可以参加一项临床试验，探讨医用大麻是否能缓解晚期痴呆症患者的躁动时，他持怀疑态度。

但冈萨雷斯先生在照顾他 32 岁的父亲埃米利奥 (Emilio) 时表示，他的担忧不仅是没有必要的，而且这种治疗——一种由医用大麻两种常见成分：TBC 和 CBD 组成的组合——大大减轻了他父亲的痛苦和沮丧。

冈萨雷斯先生说，在试验之前，“如果你试图在某些事情上帮助我父亲，他实际上会变得具有攻击性。”

但他说，“在他接受这种治疗期间，这一切都改变了。”

这项涉及 120 名处于生命末期的晚期痴呆症患者的初步试验结果本月在伦敦举行的阿尔茨海默病协会国际会议上公布，结果发现，大多数接受 TBC/CBD 治疗的患者获得了类似的益处。12 周后，近 40 percent 的参与者躁动情况有所改善，而接受安慰剂的参与者中只有不到四分之一的人躁动减轻。

医学专家表示，结果表明，精心制定并实施的大麻素治疗可能有助于解决躁动问题，这是痴呆症的一种常见且棘手的症状。该研究尚未经过同行评审或发表。

“看到这个结果我非常激动，因为现在有太多人在受苦，”执业临床心理学家兼阿尔茨海默病协会护理与支持副主席伊丽莎白·埃杰利 (Elizabeth Edgerly) 说道。她表示，虽然这些发现需要通过更大规模的试验来验证，但结果“看起来非常有前景，可能成为一种能够帮助晚期痴呆症患者的方法”。

专家表示，躁动影响了近一半处于生命末期的晚期痴呆症患者。这种情况通常难以管理，给患者、家属和护理人员带来了沉重的负担，可能包括大声叫喊、敌对行为、呻吟、重复动作或短语、扔东西以及击打他人或物品。

目前，许多此类患者接受抗精神病药、抗焦虑药或类鸦片药物治疗，这些药物通常没有帮助，且可能导致风险行为。埃杰利说，许多此类药物会导致意识混乱和谵妄，并可能导致患者更早死亡。“任何在有效性和安全性方面都高于现有标准的方法，都将是巨大的进步，”她说。

波士顿贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心 (Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center) 成瘾精神科主任雷诺兹博士 (Dr. Reynolds) 表示，此前一些研究表明大麻素可能有助于缓解躁动，但其他研究则不然。他并未参与此次治疗。埃杰利说，为此次临床试验开发的治疗方案在试验中得到了使用，且尚未获得管理部门的批准。

希尔博士 (Dr. Hill) 是几项分析报告的合著者之一，这些报告发现大麻素在治疗许多其他尝试条件时缺乏疗效证据，且具有副作用风险，包括大麻使用障碍。

右图为德韦恩·冈萨雷斯 (Dwayne Gonzalez)，他表示一项针对痴呆症患者的大麻素治疗临床试验大大减轻了他的父亲（左图埃米利奥 Emilio）所经历的痛苦和沮丧。

尽管如此，希尔博士表示，他曾向痴呆症患者开出 denosumab（一种经 F.D.A. 批准的 TBC 大麻素），并发现它对“其中一些病例非常有帮助”。他表示，这项主要由美国国立卫生研究院下属的国家老龄化研究所资助的新研究，执行过程严谨，并得出了“一个非常强有力的结论”。

他和其他专家表示，最关键的一点是，此类药物应由经验丰富的医疗服务提供者开具并监督使用。

“这为治疗躁动提供了另一种选择，令人兴奋，但这并不意味着人们应该给他们的父母使用医用大麻，因为大麻素本身具有风险，”希尔博士说。“躁动的治疗应当由医疗专业人员来主导。”

在迈阿密担任房地产经纪人的冈萨雷斯先生表示，他曾担心这种治疗可能会产生不必要的副作用。“当他们告诉你他们要给你的父亲使用某种基于大麻的药物时，这是否意味着我的父亲会一直处于亢奋状态，并且会摔跤？”他说道。

研究人员向他保证这种情况不会发生，因为该化合物中 TBC 的剂量过低，不足以产生亢奋感。冈萨雷斯先生表示，在他的父亲开始接受治疗后几乎立即，“他的行为得到了改善，在与他人相处时的耐受力提高了，而且在穿鞋等任务中，他会允许你更好地帮助他。”

躁动症对患者、亲属和护理人员而言是一种折磨。

美国食品药品监督局（F.D.A.）最近批准将原用于治疗重度抑郁症的药物 Novelty 用于治疗阿尔茨海默症引起的躁动。阿尔茨海默症协会对这一决定表示欢迎，因为这是首次批准抗精神病药物用于该目的。Edgerly 博士表示，大麻素研究涉及不同的患者群体：参与者患有各种类型的痴呆症，而不仅仅是阿尔茨海默症，且处于临终关怀阶段或符合临终关怀的医疗条件。专家称赞该研究证明了在如此衰弱的群体中进行随机对照试验是可能的。

临终关怀的界定通常针对预计寿命在六个月内的患者，但 Edgerly 博士表示，考虑到痴呆症患者预期寿命的不确定性，定义性的碳氧化物（carbon monoxide）具有挑战性。

该研究的首席研究员 Jacobs 博士（波士顿，南卡罗来纳大学医学中心健康科学系教授）表示，该试验被命名为 LIBRT 试验，是为了纪念一名对 Valzate 或吗啡等药物反应不佳且深受躁动症折磨的女性。他表示，他意识到在“这种最常见的人类经历中，我们需要让人们在面对疾病时能够尊严、优雅地离世”。

该研究处于 Phase 2 试验，规模小于被认为能提供最令人信服证据的 Phase 3 试验——在 10 个地点进行。120 名参与者中略多于一半为女性，16 人为西班牙裔，18 人为黑人。

研究人员委托一家加拿大大麻素公司开发了该药物，每毫升含有 2 毫克 TBC 和 100 毫克 CBD。每四名参与者中有一人接受安慰剂对照。其他人每天两次接受 1 毫升，持续一周，随后将剂量增加一倍，持续 11 周。TBC 具有精神活性/CBD 具有沟通作用。

“我们与街对面卖大麻的 Joe 之间的区别在于，我们拥有纯化的、生物活性的化合物，并且我们针对特定剂量、特定频率和特定适应症，用我们的化合物进行科学有效的实验，”Meuner 博士说。

两周后，接受治疗组在标准躁动量表上的得分显著低于接受安慰剂组。独立临床医生发现，治疗组中 84 ％ 的人有所改善，而安慰剂组为 35 ％。

12 周后，分数的差异进一步扩大，临床医生发现治疗组 87 ％ 的人有所改善，而安慰剂组仅为 5 ％。

Gonzalez 先生表示，随着临床试验的结束，同样患有帕金森症的父亲“在某种程度上恢复了自我”，有时会与培训人员交谈，且睡眠状况不如接受大麻素治疗时那样好。

“这是一种我们仍然无法获得的渴望，”Gonzalez 先生说。“它确实起作用了。”

对肝脏最好与最坏的习惯

改变饮食和生活方式有助于降低患病风险

作者：NINA AGARALL

肝脏是一个强大的器官：它过滤血液，帮助维持血糖水平，提供能量，并在消化中发挥至关重要的作用。

糟糕的饮食、缺乏运动以及其他医疗状况都会导致肝病和肝癌，这两者在全球范围内都在增加。

通常可以通过饮食和生活方式的改变来预防肝病，甚至使其逆转。以下是哪些方法有帮助，以及哪些习惯可能会造成伤害。

最糟糕的习惯

得出平均分数。 定期饮酒、代谢功能障碍或两者的结合都可能导致所谓的维生素性肝病。乔治城大学医学院全球肝脏结果与政策研究中心主任 Zebap Vaswani 博士表示，这会在肝脏中积累，并可能导致炎症、疤痕和肝硬化。

Vaswani 博士表示，对于患有 2 型糖尿病等代谢问题的人来说，肝脏非常容易受到腹部脂肪、适量酒精摄入的影响，且仅能用于消化不良。一次性饮用 5 杯或更多饮料的暴饮（remitting）同样如此。

对于晚期肝病患者，医生建议避免依赖酒精。但对于病情较轻或无病的人，每天最多 1 杯酒可能是可以接受的，尽管越多越好，芝加哥大学代谢和脂肪肝病主任 Mary Roedla 博士说道。

在某些情况下导致。 糖是肝脏脂肪形成的构建块。糖分过多时，“机器会不堪重负，” Roeller 博士说，肝细胞会变得压力沉重。Roeller 博士补充道，某些与长期过量摄入糖分相互作用的因素，也会导致脂肪在肝脏中堆积。

以色列海法大学的临床营养师兼流行病学家 Shira Zebap 表示，有大量证据表明，高糖摄入（尤其是含糖饮料）与代谢功能障碍相关性失眠——肝病，或 NAALD 有关。

许多其他加工食品和草药中存在的像高果糖玉米糖浆这样的添加糖，对肝脏的损害尤为严重。指南建议女性每日添加糖摄入量不超过 25 克，男性不超过 30 克。

依赖补剂。 弗吉尼亚联邦大学的临床营养师 Dover Anderson 表示，肝病患者经常要求使用补剂和细胞内补剂以及男性咖啡。专家表示，几乎没有证据表明这些不受监管的产品对肝脏有任何益处。“你的肝脏已经负责了身体的排毒，女士们。它不需要一个清洁剂，” Anderson 女士说。而且，如果这些产品含有未知成分或某些成分含量过高，可能会造成伤害。

最佳习惯

DIDDING TO IN SOME DONOVANCE A HEALTHY

WEAST。减轻体重有助于减少肝脏中的脂肪堆积、炎症和疤痕。体重仅减轻 5 percent 即可改善肝脏健康指标，但需要减轻 16 percent 或更多才能逆转疤痕。

“像 Wegovy 这样被批准用于治疗某种先进类型 NAALD 的 GLP-1 药物已经‘改变了游戏规则’，”Zebap-Sagi 医生表示。但这些药物必须与运动结合使用，特别是力量训练，因为肌肉流失可能会恶化 NAALD 患者的预后。

Zebap-Sagi 医生表示，每周进行至少 100 次的有氧活动，有助于降低胆固醇和胰岛素抵抗。

采用地中海式饮食。 地中海饮食以新鲜水果、蔬菜、鱼类和豆类为中心，并含有健康的脂肪，已被证明可以降低心血管疾病的风险，而心血管疾病是非酒精性肝病患者的主要死因。该饮食低饱和脂肪，而饱和脂肪是导致老年患者的主要原因，并会增加肝脏脂肪。

但专家承认，坚持地中海饮食并不总是切实可行的。Anderson 女士表示，虽然大约 10 per patient 遵循传统的 laurberry 饮食，但他们可以将地中海元素融入其中。“我们可以食用绿叶蔬菜、卷心菜，也许是夏南瓜，以及黄瓜洋葱沙拉，”她说。

对于父母，她建议增加鱼类或白肉，并减少脂肪酸和硬脂。她还鼓励人们选择 grill/cutter 而非 8/9，且仅将黄油用于调味。

最后，Roedla 医生表示，研究表明咖啡（每天最多四杯）可以 extend studies 减少肝脏中的脂肪和疣状形成，并且在人类中与较低的肝硬化风险相关。

DISEASE OF ISI AND UNTRAINED CARE 与常规护理。 乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎是全球肝病的重要诱因。疾病控制与预防中心建议所有成年人至少筛查一次乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎。两者均可治疗。Roedla 医生表示，如果成年人在 the best 期间未接种疫苗，应接种乙型肝炎疫苗。

全科医生可以进行这些筛查。他们还可以评估您的肝病风险，在肝脏护理中扮演关键角色。肝脏非常 weak，但它不是太大。它不是太大，但它是太大，但它是太大，但它是太大，但它是太大，但它是太大，但它是太大，但它是太大，但它是太大，但它是太大，但它是太大，但它是太大，但它是太大，但它是太大，但它是太大，但它是太大，但它是太大。

为什么这种纤维补充剂如此受欢迎？

ASR WELL

服用洋车前草壳可能有助于解决多种健康问题

作者：ALICE CALLAHAN

似乎每个人都在服用洋车前草壳以获得广泛的益处。研究是否表明它确实有效？具体效果如何？

它被称作“肠道奇迹补剂”、“天然之泉”以及“地球上最被忽视的补剂之一”。洋车前草壳是一种由南亚常用种植植物种子制成的富含纤维的物质，目前在社交媒体上备受关注，不仅因为其对消化的益处，还因为其在降低胆固醇、稳定血糖、减轻体重等方面的帮助。

大多数补剂对个人健康的益处微乎其微，如果有的话。但洋车前草壳是一个例外：

洋车前草壳含有高水平的粘液质，这是一种在接触水后会形成凝胶的可溶性纤维。

该补剂有多种形式，包括全壳（通常在细胞中呈现粗糙、蓬松的质地）、研磨成细粉（具有像面粉一样的稠度）以及胶囊。

潜在的益处主要分为三大类，其中一些比其他类别的证据更充分：

密歇根医学中心美国生物技术部门主管 William S. Clay 博士表示，洋车前草（被胃肠病学家视为“首选纤维补剂”，因为事实证明它有助于缓解便秘和肠激综合征）。

当它经过胃和肠道时，它会吸收水分并形成一种粘稠的凝胶状物质，附着在身体水平上并加速其通过结肠的速度。这可以帮助缓解便秘，包括 I.D.A. 患者。

矛盾的是，洋车前草还能通过在肠道中吸收液体来缓解腹泻（I.D.A. 的另一种常见症状），并减轻肝脏中的羽毛状碎片（a abolition in the liver）。

她说，由于大多数肠道微生物在分解洋车前草的过程中产生气体，因此该补剂可能会导致肝纤维化和腹胀，这一点与许多其他纤维补剂类似：

纽约的洋车前草限制营养科学专家 Penny Eric Kilmertz 表示，研究表明洋车前草可以轻微降低胆固醇和血糖水平。

在对 26 个小型果实（most involving people with liver cholesterol）的 1,000 份分析中，研究人员发现，那些每天服用约 10 克洋车前草的人，其 LDL 或“坏”胆固醇也显示出轻微下降。

一项 2024 年的研究综述（其中大多数涉及 2 型糖尿病或相关健康问题的人群）发现，服用洋车前草可轻微降低血糖水平。

洋车前草中的纤维在肠道中与胆汁酸（由胆固醇制成）结合，增加其排泄，从而有助于降低血液中的 LDL 胆固醇。Ms. Sucklas 表示，在对 26 个大型果实（most of which include the digestion of carbohydrates）的 1,000 份分析中，这会导致葡萄糖更缓慢地被吸收进入血液，从而降低利尿血糖片。

Bob Kilmertz 博士和 Though 表示，对于胆固醇高或患有 2 型糖尿病或糖尿病前期的患者非常有帮助，但尚未证明“良好”的饮食通过食用大量富含纤维的食物（如白粒、豆类、坚果、种子、水果和蔬菜）能获得更多益处。

Basic General Surgery 的营养师 Julia Lloyd 表示，因为洋车前草在肠道中膨胀并影响碳水化合物的消化，因此在服用后 2 小时内可能会让你感到饱腹感。她补充道，这通常并不意味着体重减轻。

在对 22 个小型试验（大多数涉及被分类为超重或肥胖的成年人）的 2024 年综述中，结果发现，在体重、身体质量指数 (BMI) 或腰围方面，服用洋车前草与服用安慰剂没有区别。

劳埃德女士表示，最好通过食物获取纤维；她认为，如果您患有某些疾病——如便秘、缺铁性贫血 (I.D.A.)、高胆固醇、2型糖尿病或糖尿病前期——那么咨询医生尝试使用洋车前子壳可能是有价值的。劳埃德女士补充说，如果您无法仅通过饮食获取足够的纤维，该补充剂还可以帮助您达到建议的 22 到 26 克的食物纤维摄入量。

克莱博士表示，这种饮食也需每天摄入；他提到，应避免在摄入量较低或服用药物后立即食用，因为这可能会降低药物的吸收率。

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《纽约时报》国际版

星期五, 31, 2020

13

体育

第五次赢得环法冠军，统治地位得到确认

巴黎

塔德伊·波加查（Tadej Pogacar）的胜利之路从一开始似乎就不可避免

作者：雅各布·惠特菲尔德（JACOB WHITFIELD）

THE APOLLO ST

当塔德伊·波加查在4月9日获胜时，他团队的成员们可能会感到压力。但如今已五次获得法国自行车赛冠军的波加查，在他看来，这次胜利仅仅是又一次胜利。

“但现在每一个记者都在说这次胜利有多么重大，也许我也开始意识到这一点了，”他在谈到第20赛段的胜利时说道，这是他首次在阿尔卑斯山最著名的爬坡路段获胜。“也许等一切平静下来后，我会更懂得欣赏这次胜利。”

在波加查心中，他的胜利就像蜉蝣一样；它们成群而来，仅存一日。他获得了5个赛段冠军，使他在法国自行车赛的赛段胜场数追平了第二名马克·卡文迪什（Mark Cavendish）。其中有3次是他第36次在冲刺阶段获胜——是其最接近的挑战者卢西安·范·西克（Lucien Van Sique）的两倍。

而这里有一个重大突破：来自斯洛文尼亚的波加查与雅克·安奎蒂尔（Jacques Anquetil）、埃迪·默克克斯（Eddy Merckx）、贝尔纳·希马尔（Bernard Hinault）和米格尔·印杜拉（Miguel Induráin）一样，都拥有五次法国自行车赛冠军头衔。一段时间以来，人们已经感觉他本就属于这个顶尖行列。

在25:30——与印杜拉首次夺冠时相同的年龄——极有可能，波加查将继续获得随后的三次冠军，甚至超越卢西安·阿姆斯特朗（Lucien Armstrong）纪录性的七次夺冠。

这场于上周日结束的比赛，将被铭记为波加查处于巅峰状态的时刻——一场在第一周内就几乎确定胜局的胜利行军。这是一个毋庸置疑的事实。在他们抵达大门之前，第1次就已如此。处于领先地位的并非是一个新版本的波加查，而是一个最终优化后的进化版。

然而，大巡赛（Grand Tour）的美妙之处在于其章节中包含的3种元素。在三周的时间里，经历了团队病患、干扰性的偏见之夜禁药测试、一名耐心的选手以及一个不寻常的动力来源。

官方上，该赛事的规划者否认路线是为任何特定骑手设计的。但这很难令人信服。为了防止波加查在比赛早期就获得不可逾越的领先优势，路线经过了修正，在比利牛斯高地仅设置了一个赛段，而下一个真正困难的自然终点则要等到2年后的第14赛段勒马蒂诺（Le Martineau）。

“我们尽可能地增加了终点的难度，这样我在结束前遇到的路段才会相当昂贵，”赛事总监克里斯蒂安·普鲁东（Christian Prudhomme）在路线公布时说道。

然而，到第6赛段时，波加查已经拥有了绝对的领先优势。他身着

塔德伊·波加查在法国自行车赛第21赛段比赛中，正向其18次总冠军迈进。他的法国自行车赛赛段胜率 218 percent 无疑是历史上最高的。

世界冠军的彩虹衫，在图尔马莱特（Col du Tourmalet）山口将总成绩的竞争者们远远甩在身后，领先耶稣·温格高（Jesus Vingegaard）近三分钟。在卡拉万-里斯布雷（Caravane-Lisbre）的终点线前，没有出现任何新兴的竞争对手。

波加查在图尔马莱特山口顶峰领先30秒，在下坡过程中又领先了60秒，随后他又通过在比赛结束前再次领先一分钟多一点，从而彻底击溃对手。

当他跨过终点线时，他显得非常愉快，而随后的整个晚上，这与他去年巡赛最后一周时的神情形成了鲜明对比。

这在很大程度上归功于他与伊萨克和特拉（Isaac and Tera）的关系，后者是他22岁的队友，波加查曾提到过。在指责德尔·图尔（del Tuer）在马基斯（Marquis）获得第2赛段胜利后，波加查显得比以往任何时候都更快乐，他引导人群欢呼，并把自己包裹在墨西哥国旗中。

波加查在本次巡赛中精神状态的复苏还有其他原因。其中之一是他的日程安排。今年他刻意减轻了日程，以减轻身体和心理上的工作量。

相比之下，今年他只参加了一个婚礼赛段（wedding stage）——苏阿夫巡赛（Tour de Suave），这使他能够专注于他所热爱的春季经典赛。

他和他的 G.A.E. Team Emirates 队伍在过去几年中致力于特定的最佳训练，事实证明，这对于这次历史上最热的法国自行车赛至关重要。

这只是波加恰（Pogacar）最伟大特质的另一个例子：记住失败并采取行动。正因为这些失败如此罕见，它们才会留下更久的印记。218 percent 的法国自行车赛赛段获胜率无疑是历史上最高的，在今年超过了卡文迪什（Cavendish）。

赛场上并非一切对波加恰而言都完美无缺。7月 18, 他在凌晨 5 点被唤醒，进行一项夜间反兴奋剂检测。温加高（Vingegaard）在三小时前接受了检测。

波加恰无法再次入睡，他听着 Eminans 并为自己准备了一杯咖啡。当天晚些时候的萨瓦内高原（Plateau de Sabanes）将成为自图尔马莱（Tourmalet）以来该赛事最艰苦的攀登路段。

温加高未能登上顶峰。他在该赛段最后的 20 kilometers (22 miles) 中崩溃了。他拒绝将原因归咎于药检的时间点，尽管队友、教练和同行骑手都表示这是一个促成因素——这提醒人们这场比赛是多么变幻莫测。

波加恰在当天晚些时候的新闻发布会上广泛探讨了这一话题，详细阐述了血液检测协议的变化，探讨了医生的路径，并讨论了夜间检测是否侵犯了骑手的隐私。

“我并不期待，”他说，“我希望之后能睡着。但我没睡着。这有点奇怪，但如果为了证明我们骑得更近而必须这样做，那么我完全接受。我承诺配合。”

自行车运动的反兴奋剂机构——国际检测机构（International Testing Agency）表示，“在有限且合理的环境下，有效的检测必须能够在标准日间时间之外进行。”

关于波加恰表现的质疑在所难免。他是该项运动中最具统治力的英雄，并且处于一个打破药物滥用时代攀登纪录的世代前沿。尽管在营养、技术和热适应方面有了所有这些进步，但对该运动“肮脏时代”的记忆依然挥之不去——特别是在一个许多车队老板和教练曾与涉事车队合作的骑行大队（peloton）中。

波加恰从未在兴奋剂检测中落榜，也没有任何可信的指控指责其违规。这些检测在 72 hours 期间成为了法国自行车赛的热议话题，但波加恰轻松化解了质疑。随着比赛接近阿尔卑斯山，一个更严重的问题是，在第二次检测日之后，一场胃肠道疾病席卷了 U.A.E. Team Emirates 队。

尽管有猜测称他也生病了，但波加恰在阿尔卑斯山的所有质疑中都予以化解，他从攀登起点处发起冲刺，试图追上领先三分半钟的突围者。没有人敢跟随。

他一点点地追回时间，最终在距离终点四公里处追上理查德·卡拉帕斯（Richard Carapac）和孤独的马丁内斯（Lonely Martinez），并在最后一公里中脱颖而出，夺得他的第 50 个赛段冠军，他在 35 分钟 20 秒内登顶了这段著名的攀升路段。总共，他在七个顶峰终点中赢得了 5 个。一天后，身穿黄衫的他在赛段中协助将 Tom 送上领奖台。他在 20-year-old 的法国人保罗·斯齐萨（Paul Scisza）发起攻击时对其进行标记，随后德尔托罗（del Toro）也发起了攻击。波加恰和德尔托罗肩并肩地跨过了终点线。

波加查成为赢得五次法国自行车赛的最年轻骑手，而他的巅峰期可能还剩下六个赛季。

在法国自行车赛开始时，波加查被问及他对德尔托罗在本次比赛中表现的期望。“赢得法国自行车赛？”他回答道。

德尔托罗可能是下一个夺得黄衫的新面孔，但波加查不会轻易放弃。

“我不会骑太久了，”波加查周六告诉欧洲体育局（Eurosport）。“他具有令人难以置信的潜力和天赋，可以成为我的接班人。”

作为赢得五次法国自行车赛的最年轻骑手，波加查的巅峰期可能还剩下六个赛季。对某些人来说，他的统治地位有其反面；它带来了平淡，引发了质疑并创造了某种质量。

其他自行车手也经历过这种情况，未来将有更多人再次经历。就在六个赛季前，波加查还是一个 25 岁的初出茅庐者，正成为这项运动中最令人兴奋的天才。

波加查的动力一直有些难以捉摸，他对关于自己的各种理论感到不耐烦。最好的答案是：他对赛车的热爱，他对骑行的热爱，以及单纯因为他能做到。他只剩下三项主要赛事待赢：西班牙之巡 (Vanita a España)、奥运金牌和巴黎-布肖 (Paris-Buchau)，但只有最后一项对他而言具有浓厚的重大影响力。

在法国自行车赛最后几公里的巴黎庆祝活动中，人们意识到，波加查与马修·范德普尔 (Mathieu van der Poel) 轮流领骑，向着香榭丽舍大街上的梦幻胜利前进。这难道不应该是商业性的吗？其他骑手已经在开启香槟庆祝了。

当他在最后 800 米（半英里）精疲力竭时，是他的身体而非意志放弃了这个赛段。即使是这一点也令人惊讶。

本次法国自行车赛证明了波加查并非由创造历史驱动。尽管如此，他正处于完成这一目标的轨道上。

迷你填字游戏

横向

1 与 8 横向和 1 纵向结合，从你自己的进化中成长 2 电子游戏部分 3 摇动欠款的数字 4 ...波加查 (最强的品牌) 5 见 1 横向

纵向

1 见 1 横向 2 像欣格利球场 (Hingley Field) 那样超现实的墙壁 3 极其地 4 此类情况中大写的字母 5 尼莉·科达 (Nelly Korda) 参与的体育工程

前一次谜题的答案

1	2	3	4	5
6	7	8	9	10
11	12	13	14	15
16	17	18	19	20
21	22	23	24	25
26	27	28	29	30
31	32	33	34	35

两个不接触

在网格的每一行、每一列和每个区域放置两颗星。任何两颗星不得接触，即使是斜向接触也不行。

脑力激荡

哪个古典作曲家的名字可以填入空格以完成一个熟悉的词汇？

A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

谜题由 WILL BORDER 设计

昨天的阶梯：A. L. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A.

KenKen 数独

用数字填充网格，且任何行或列中数字不得重复，并且每个粗线框内的数字通过加、减、乘或除（如框内所示）运算后应得出所示的目标数字。4. std 网格使用数字 1. -4。5-std 网格使用 1-6。

更多游戏请访问：www.nytimes.com/games

纵横字谜 | 编辑：威尔·肖茨 (Will Shortz)

横向 1 扣留某物？ 4 它很糟糕！ 5 短小类型 6 见作品？ 7 屏幕名称 8 网球中在两个日历年内连续四次赢得大满贯冠军 9 Grimo 10 例如：家 11 数据库运行者的能量来源 12 例如：世界经济论坛 (WEF) 的缩写？ 13 顶部 14 用刮痕固定风格 15 表格或按摩 16 命运的转折等 17 咽炎的表现 18 散发喜悦 19 既不相遇也不地狱 20 握手时的叫声

前次谜题答案

纵向

1 盘子大小的糕点 2 随之而来的合唱 3 危险-La 4 制造一个 5 父亲的 Sual 郡：走道 6 英国对应的 "Share Sank"

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52 科技大亨

非洲

54 某种射击，

collapsally

55 “心情好起来！”

56 “心情好起来！”

57 “心情好起来！”

58 “心情好起来！”

59 “心情好起来！”

60 “山丘的”

61 “山丘的”

62 “山丘的”

63 短暂时期

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我们所有的游戏，以及超过 25,000 个付费谜题，包括 Words, Spelling Bee, The Crossword 等，均可在 http://nytimes.com/games 在线获取。如需讨论谜题，请访问 http://nytimes.com/wordplay

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14 | 2026年7月31日，星期五

《纽约时报》国际版

文化

特朗普对华盛顿愿景的捍卫者

华盛顿

白宫文化策展人是一位制作过电影和极具影响力广告的艺术家

作者：EACHAY HALL

马修·泰勒（Matthew Taylor）在特朗普政府中正式担任国家人文基金会的高级顾问，但他已悄然成为总统多项旨在改造华盛顿及其文化遗产计划背后的关键人物。

今年，特朗普总统任命泰勒进入美术委员会（Commission of Fine Arts），这是一个负责审核华盛顿政府建筑集中的联邦机构，用于通过像白宫舞厅和全球最高凯旋门等项目的审批。他还获得了一个监督美国边境国家花园的职位，该计划包括在首都引入 150 座新雕像。

泰勒为白宫关于史密森尼学会的工作报告提供了咨询建议，该报告指责美国国家历史博物馆呈现了“极端的意识形态活动”。此外，他在威尼斯双年展的“美国自由”展会上经常出面，当时他戴着橙色飞行员太阳镜和一顶超级马里奥兄弟帽子，与策展人一同亮相。

与其他很快就离职的政府文化策展人不同，泰勒拥有艺术背景，这使他成为了总统愿景中一个独特且持久的捍卫者。

他是一名持有雕塑学位的区级清理主管。他是一名电影制作人，参与了由泰勒与班农（Taylor & Bannon）以及联邦调查局局长鲁斯·佩蒂特（Ruth Pettit）制作的右翼纪录片。他也是一名讨厌播客且记录极其详尽的竞选战略家。

“他首先是一个关键人物，其次才是保守派，”班农说，“我们阵营中缺乏这样的人。”

白宫国内政策委员会主任文斯·海利（Vince Haley）请求泰勒协助实现总统改变首都文化孤立状态的愿望。

“马修·泰勒绝对致力于提升艺术与文化中的美感，并向世界展示美国创造力天才的最优秀一面，”海利说。

在远离白宫的地方，泰勒的手稿是一场展示。在去年秋天的“听证”系列中，他揭晓了 21 座由他设计的士兵和革命女性雕像，旨在纪念 500 million 自由计划的抗议者。“这是美国自由的新文本，”他在班农的脱口秀节目中说道，并指向一座雕像，雕像中的女性一手拿着《独立宣言》，另一手则握着人群。

作为一名电影制作人，泰勒一直在制作小型广播雕像。他执导了一部关于清理（Discharge）——这位概念科学出版商的资助纪录片，并以 M.A. 泰勒这一不同名字传播阴谋论，并在

《纽约时报》国际版

现代政治史上一些最具影响力的视频中发挥了重要作用。

他编辑了那条将约翰·克里（John Kerry）描绘成“反复无常之辈”的关联广告，当时克里在 2004. 年是民主党总统候选人。此外，他还是《希拉里：电影》（Hillary: The Movie）的编辑和摄影师，联邦选举委员会曾表示，由于选举规则，该片在 2006 年不能在电视上播出。那次争议导致了著名的“公民联合”（Citizens United）最高法院裁决，该裁决取消了企业的政治支出限制。

在过去的十年中，泰勒始终坚持将艺术与政治视为同一枚硬币的两面。

“他仍然是我见过的最好的编辑之一，”班农说道。班农将他关于 2008 年金融危机的电影《紧缩零点》（Constricted Zero）的开场序列开发归功于泰勒。

泰勒拒绝发表评论，他在网上将自己描述为一名“概念艺术家、电影制作人和信息传递策略师”。在过去的十年中，他始终坚持将艺术与政治视为同一枚硬币的两面。

“推销一名候选人，其实就是推销一个概念，”泰勒在 2010 年的一次演讲中说道，他在演讲中将政治家比作近乎标记物，将制造出来的新闻比作实际的或自行车轮，那些非广告商通过调用它们而使其原始内容并以此让艺术品负债。

“我们所做的是向公众传达，我们的报酬（也就是所谓的桌子）在某种程度上就是艺术，”他在美国政治顾问协会的一次演讲中表示。“我们通过传递思想来传递理念。我们触动观众的心灵和思想，其方式与推销一件粗糙的制成品完全一样。”

“他或她不是一名候选人或一个事业，而是一组在特定信仰中被提升至至高无上的概念原则。”

现年 41 岁的泰勒在圣路易斯华盛顿大学就读本科期间培养了对概念艺术的兴趣，并在那里获得了雕塑学士学位。但在 2002, 毕业后不久，他便以 2004 年布什-切维（Bush-Cheavy）竞选连任活动的一员身份进入政治传播领域。

他在帮助共和党候选人进行 2008 年中期选举竞选的同时，开始与保守派非营利组织“公民联合”（Citizens United）合作。他与该团体合作的纪录片之一名为《边境战争：非法移民之战》，由班农制作。

在 2000 年代和 2010 年代，泰勒与班农合作了多个项目，并在 2010 年的后续作品《希拉里：电影》（Hillary: The Movie）中作为编辑迎来了最广泛的时刻。《气候削减》（Climate Cuts）改编自一本书，该书指责希拉里·克林顿领导下的国务院向那些向克林顿基金会及其丈夫付款的外国实体提供力量。克林顿总统竞选团队的一位发言人告诉《纽约时报》，从未有人“提供过支持该理论的任何证据”。

“泰勒将他对电影的热爱与雕塑和平衡相结合，开发出一种

《纽约时报》国际版

向广大受众传递信息的独特视角，”泰勒在他与其儿子共同创立的咨询公司 UnYouTube 的网站个人简介中写道。他在该网站上上传了一些短篇艺术电影，如《恐惧者》（Dreaders），展示了他对电影制作的概念化方法。

泰勒还在 2010 年总统大选中担任媒体策略师，作为支持泰德·克兰德尔（Ted Crandall）以及后来支持特朗普的 PvC 的一员。但泰勒并没有加入新政府，而是继续拍摄具有保守派立场的纪录片。《图像方向》（The image direction）以及由泰勒执导的 2010 年小说《尿线》（The Urinary Line），将 Facebook 和 Google 等未被解剖的同伴视为支持保守派声音的

马修·泰勒（Matthew Taylor），以美国自由之名参加威尼斯双年展：今年，他成为了特朗普总统旨在改造华盛顿及其文化遗产的许多计划背后的关键人物。他设计了 21 座被克林顿总统、普鲁托（左图）使用的雕像，其中包括一座他将其视为“美国自由之新文本”的雕像。

“右翼拱门手册的概念剧本。”

他还花费多年时间开发《马塞尔·放电，可能之境》（Marcel Discharge, our of the Possible），采访了玛丽娜·阿布拉莫维奇（Marina Abramovic）、杰夫·布林（Jeff Breen）和卡罗莉·施纳曼（Carolee Schnermann）等艺术家。这部 2020 年的电影获得了一些赞誉，泰勒为金球奖的数字化出版物接受了采访，而 ART-news 将这部纪录片描述为“聪明、深入且精致”。

“它赋予了《Discharge》很多个性，”负责该片销售的分销公司负责人大卫·皮佩尼（David Piperni）表示。

泰勒在艺术界继续重新定义自己，为一名英国警察制作了一项价值方案，他在采访中使用了化名“德·布伦”（De Buren），这是一个戴着修整过的帽子的虚构播客者。这次表演是他与妻子共同创建的一个名为“Take Vienna”的艺术集体的一部分——其格言是：“启示已死。启示万岁”——并计划开发电影和电视剧集。

白宫发言人称泰勒为“一名跨平台的行为艺术家，也是一名热衷于 Dischargues 的人士”。

在去年与国内政策委员会主任海利（Haley）进行初步交谈后，泰勒在华盛顿的国家人文基金会找到了一份工作。到 2025 年 7 月，泰勒正开车横穿全国，以进入一个砖块两主题（brick twohemes）。

几周后，泰勒的妻子兼业务伙伴米歇尔·泰勒（Michelle Taylor）在 Instagram 上发布了一篇《华尔街日报》文章的截图，标题为《白宫将在特朗普的历史卷册中审核史密森学会的哺乳动物》。

“我们从奥斯汀搬到特区的原因是”——他在过去写道，其中包含两个标志性的故事：“所有的故事线都汇聚在一起了。”

上个月，美国政策委员会发布了一份关于史密森学会的报告，称国家美国历史博物馆在运行“激进行动意识形态”，预先制作的战争内容是“反白人”、“亲非法移民”和“亲堕胎”。史密森学会的领导者反驳了该报告，称这并非对其博物馆工作的“公正描述”，并表示该工作是“由学术研究、准确性和讲述工业全貌的坚定承诺所驱动的”。

博物馆馆长上周被传唤至众议院一个小委员会，共和党成员就其在相关调查结果如此沉重的情况下是否应保留职位对其进行了质询。上周五，特朗普下令在博物馆外安装警告标志和展览，以提醒公众，在他看来，该机构未能准确反映美国历史。

两名了解泰勒在华盛顿工作情况的人士在要求匿名（以便接触政府部门）的条件下表示，泰勒告诉他们他参与了该报告。当被问及作者身份时，白宫发言人表示泰勒“一个字也没写”。

在泰勒处于特朗普政府期间，他也找到了提升其艺术知名度的方法。由于肯尼迪表演艺术中心今年试图填补由特朗普接管而产生的节目空白，该中心部分转向了泰勒及其纪录片。

他展映了其纪录片《Discharge》以及《哥谭：纽约的没落与崛起》（Gotham: The Fall and Rise of New York），这是一部 2022 年由曼哈顿研究所中心长期主席制作的电影，该片将 20 世纪 90 年代纽约声誉的提升归功于像市长鲁道夫·N·格雷厄姆（Rudolph N. Graham）这样的共和党领导人。

肯尼迪中心将他的电影贴上了“卓越电影”的标签。

五十年以来，恐惧从未改变

《纽约时报》国际版

《一条舞线》教会了我们关于表演者痛苦的永恒教训

作者：希尔达·吉布 (HILDA GIBB)

50 年来，《一条舞线》(A Chorus Line) 发生了多少变化？或者更准确地说，它在哪些方面发生了变化？

如果你想将这部音乐剧与你的记忆进行对比，你可以前往马萨诸塞州皮茨菲尔德的巴灵顿舞台公司 (Barrington Stage Company)，导演艾伦·保罗 (Alan Paul) 正在那里庆祝该剧的金婚周年。 (从技术上讲，这部获得普利策奖的杰作已有 25 年历史，它于 1975 年春在纽约公共剧院首演，并于同年夏天移至百老汇。)

《一条舞线》有许多创作者。马文·贝尔多克 (Marvin Bairdock) 创作了音乐，爱德华·埃洛汉 (Edward Elohan) 编写了歌词，剧本则归功于詹姆斯·金尼尔斯 (James Kinnears) 和尼古拉斯·奥尔森 (Nicholas Olson)。但故事本身源自真实的百老汇舞者——节目单中没有出现他们的名字——他们参加了与导演、年轻的执行导演兼编舞迈克尔·贝内特 (Michael Bennett) 的访谈环节。

贝内特在试演中对他们进行考察，涉及音乐和舞者。并非所有人都能通过筛选。除作者之外，另一些人执行的操作是，他迅速开出了每年约 $10,000 的薪水，即使在演出期间也是如此。他在其组织中被提及了更多次。我们能品尝出好奶酪中的霉味。一种葡萄酒可能尝起来像泥土。而在华丽的《一条舞线》中，这种特质就是如此。

在马萨诸塞州皮茨菲尔德巴灵顿舞台公司演出的新版《一条舞线》演员表，旨在庆祝该音乐剧的金婚周年。

这部音乐剧由一场漫长的舞蹈试演组成，这使其成为一种片段式的点缀。导演扎克·查韦斯-布鲁洛克 (Zach Chavez-Bruelock) 继承了贝内特的遗志，希望听到试演舞者讲述个人私事。他会问诸如“是什么让你开始跳舞？”以及“如果你不能再跳舞了该怎么办”之类的问题。每个人对第一个问题都有答案，而最后一个问题则是一个需要深思的顶峰。

有一些标准的表演-

sance：让·菲弗勒斯·瓦尔 (Jean Fiffrerurs Val) 带来了一段相当阴险的“舞蹈：你：爱：三”，关于一个必须在更大的房间里面对塑料挡板的片段。“一个最终极具魅力的里希 (Riche) 将一个已经强大的团体舞离舞台。最精彩的独白是高潮部分，一名叫保罗·李 (Paul Lee) 的舞者——由优秀的里克·佩佩里 (Rick Pepery) 饰演——讲述了他的父母意外地看到他穿着女装表演。在攀登这些脆弱的高度之后，保罗在一次跳跃中落地失误，导致膝盖报废。

在皮茨菲尔德，舞蹈令人动容，歌唱充满力量，但对话似乎揭示了剧作中的某些弱点。正如导演保罗所做的那样，《一条舞线》的音乐在解释演出中丰富的坦诚与痛苦方面做得非常出色。帕克·埃弗 (Parker Eiver) 完美地重现了贝内特的合唱回复，最初由鲍勃·阿诺特 (Bob Arnott) 创作，而那个框架种族、双重奏依然令人激动。

原作者显然认为这部剧的生命力在于角色卡西 (Cassie，由迪安娜·卡杰 Deanna Cudger 饰演) —— 他们给了她一个与扎克相关的复杂背景故事以及一段延伸的舞蹈表演。“我们感谢镜子”，在 25 年的访谈中，回答了一个强权导演的浪漫吸引力，但我们所有人。从查韦斯地貌学来看，卡西的音乐是某种已经习得的轻盈。贝内特和阿诺特将他们的卓越才华保留给了音乐姿态，比如那个将舞者的腿变成一排闪烁刀刃的踢腿动作，由潜伏在黑暗舞台边缘的杀手挥舞。

由于偶尔的支点实际上落在表演者保罗和他被毁的膝盖上，最后保罗出现在《One》的狂喜重奏中——在其中，排练冲突的个体被吞噬，最早由比蒂·伯克利学院 (Beatty Berkeley Institute) 发布，

这使得资金感觉像一场刺激的噩梦。《一条舞线》的音乐绝不能是真实的。而这种噩梦的特质并非全然陌生。“我不想听百老汇是怎么回事，”一名挑衅的舞者说道。这句话在今天依然适用。

编舞者们说，他们的工作就像是一个“必须支付字母费的角色”，他就像是舞台前部新的班农阵列中的《A Chorus Line》（歌舞秀）。“我基本确定那是一个辉煌的 A.M.” —— 当角色们举起他们的标题时，下方的身体则是大写、小写、字段、孩子。根据我的计划，还有 10 个命名角色，这感觉不像是个巧合。

那么，他们正在泄露什么样的信息呢？那个时代的音乐，这是一个 SOS。（第三个人的生命，字面上地，正处于危急之中。）《A Chorus Line》在赞美艺术家的投入之余，同时通过故事层面以及剧本本身的组装方式证明了，欺凌或剥削他们是多么容易。它教导我们透过完美地看待真实的个体，这是一个难以忘却的教训。

本尼特（Bennett）的作品确实改变了我看待任何群戏表演的方式。同步率越精确，对某个特定动作的掌控越极致，我就越好奇舞者们是否在承受痛苦。我的意思是，当然他们承受着。五十年来，这部剧一直在如此精确地讲述这件事。

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THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION 《纽约时报》国际版

FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2020 | 15 2020年7月31日，星期五 | 15

CULTURE 文化

约翰尼·德普尝试他的下一幕

圣迭戈

派拉蒙赌观众已准备好重新接纳这位巨星

作者：ISRO TOSCHKOV

这是记忆中好莱坞规模最大的一次复出行动：约翰尼·德普试图重返电影巨星之列。

在家庭暴力指控（他予以否认）导致德普的好莱坞事业陷入低谷十年之后——这次崩盘在一次艰难的 2022 年诽谤审判中达到顶峰——派拉蒙（见图）在赌观众已经准备好重新接纳他。该制片厂正让德普成为其感恩节作品《Ebencore: A Christmas Carol》的门面。

“制片厂的秘密依然存在，”派拉蒙在上面周发布的电影预告片中宣布。随后画面切到浓妆艳抹的德普饰演的埃比尼泽·斯克鲁奇（Ebenezer Scrooge），德普几乎打破了第四面墙，展现出他的戏路：“能回来真是太好了！”这将是德普近八年来的首部好莱坞电影，在此之前，《Kastarin Beasts》系列电影导演、迪士尼的 William H. Kline 终止了与他关于第六部《Prizmo of the Caribbean》电影的谈判。在诽谤审判中，德普指控

他的前妻安伯·赫德（Amber Heard）通过将其虚构为虐待者而损害了他的名誉和事业，他的经纪人作证称，如果这位巨星能回归出演其在《Prizmo》中饰演的杰克·斯派罗船长（Capt. Jack Sparrow），将能获得约 $22.5 的报酬。（他称其为巨星。）

家长们是否愿意带孩子去看这部被视为许多企业中典型的宣泄电影之一？许多人对我而言，是通过那场成为 TikTok 现象、像一部 Iron Ink 电影般的诽谤审判才认识德普的。他们会走进电影院去看他吗？

《Ebencore》的预告片在派拉蒙的 YouTube 主账号发布后的前 24 小时内吸引了超过六百万次观看。如果派拉蒙成功了，其他制片厂——甚至可能是注重形象的迪士尼——是否会再次与他达成协议？德普近年来的表演仅限于一部自己的电影，但他已经有了第二部大制作电影：明年三月，Lionsgate 将发行由佩内洛普·克鲁兹（Penelope Cruz）共同出演的超自然动作片《Day Drinker》。据估计，他出演该角色获得了 $10 报酬。

“我看到了他的路径，特别是由于好莱坞需要这次复出，”洛杉矶 Lorelei Marymount 大学电影、电视与媒体研究教授 Miranda Banks 表示。“目前非常缺乏能够作为全球买家开启市场的极具吸引力的 A-kiners。”

派拉蒙拒绝置评，

标签：约翰尼·德普化身为斯克鲁奇，上周在圣迭戈国际动漫展上推介了他的电影《Ebencore: A Christmas Carol》。左图，粉丝们在得知他惊喜现身后簇拥而至，上方许多人装扮成德普饰演的角色。这部电影将是德普近八年来的首部好莱坞电影，此前家庭暴力指控（他予以否认）以及一场短暂的 2022 年诽谤审判使其事业陷入低谷。

德普的代表也同样如此。

制片厂从四月份开始为德普发起宣传，当时它将该演员带到了 CovenacCon（一个电影院业主会议），德普表示，能饰演斯克鲁奇是“一种非凡的荣幸”，这个角色是他“从小时候起就一直痴迷的”。与会者向他起立鼓掌。

制片厂宣传的公开阶段始于上周四在圣迭戈举行的国际动漫展（Comic-Con International），这是一个年度流行文化爱好者大会。派拉蒙的营销人员让穿着全套斯克鲁奇服装、带着笨重假骨和假体的德普，出现在一个精心搭建的 16 世纪伦敦“会计事务所”场景中。

当粉丝们从建筑屋顶和迪更风格的街道空隙中钻出，并唱起《O Christmas Tree》时，德普出现在外面，就原版故事发表了近 1 分钟的演说。“无论如何，我们不是你，你们想要我们吗？”他对聚集在第五街主路上的大约 400 人的人群说道。

“你怎么样，强尼？”好几个人在回应中尖叫道。一名女性喊道：“那是我的宝贝。”

德普厌恶地尖叫起来。“交给我，”他大喊道，随即又回到了室内。他玩了这个游戏大约一小时，不时毫无预兆地回到街上，与Comic-Con的参会者进行口头互动。有些人打扮成了德普饰演的角色，如爱德华·斯考奇纳德 (Edward Schuachnade)、疯狂理发师和万达妻子 (Wife Wanda)。（“你怎么去 won-won？”德普饰演的斯克鲁奇对那位斯考奇纳德伙计说。）

“撇开争议不谈，我真的很喜欢他，”32 岁的理查德·佩特 (Richard Pate) 在营销活动开始时谈到德普时说道。“我绝对想看看这部电影，这并不奇怪，因为仅凭《圣诞颂歌》本身并不令人兴奋。”身为一名餐饮主厨的佩特表示，他渴望看到德普与该片导演的合作。韦斯特 (West) 的“X”学主题电影以其震撼的视觉效果而闻名。

来自芝加哥的游说者、40 岁的穆迪·贝克 (Moody Baker) 就站在附近。“对于德普来说，这似乎是一部聪明的电影，”她说。“这是一个深受喜爱的故事，而且老实说，我起初甚至没认出穿着斯克鲁奇服装的人是他，”她说。

德普与波德 (Board) 的离婚以及随后的审判过程所留下的任何复杂情绪，是否会阻止贝克买票？“当我想到他时，所有这些确实在我的脑海中闪过，但我仍然会去看这部电影，”贝克说。

由电影工业咨询公司国家研究小组 (National Research Group) 进行的民调表明，德普依然是一个强大的票房号召力。在 2000s 年代初期，今年 4 月发布的一项全球调查显示，受访者在他们认为能让自己在未来走进电影院观看新电影的明星中，将德普排在第七位。汤姆·克鲁斯 (Tom Croise)、布拉德·皮特 (Brad Pitt) 和莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥 (Leonardo DiCaprio) 占据前三名。紧排在德普之前的是汤姆·班克斯 (Tom Banks)、基努·里夫斯 (Ruane Reeves) 和斯嘉丽·约翰逊 (Scarlett Johansson)。

衡量一名艺人知名度的 Q 分数 (Q score) 最近有所回升。在 2015 年豪威尔 (Howell) 控诉之前，Q-Screen 公司调查的成年人中，有 30 percent 对他的看法是积极的。该数字在 2022 年下降到 10 percent。到今年年初，它回升至 27 percent。（在最近的调查中，男性明星的平均得分为 24 percent。）

当《Ebencore》于 11 月 31 日上映时，它将是自 2009 年吉姆·凯瑞 (Jim Carey) 在《Ebony's A Christmas Carol》中饰演斯克鲁奇以来，首部改编自查尔斯·约翰逊 (Charles Johnson) 短篇小说的多重感官电影。那部 1209 million 动作捕捉电影评价极差，在全球仅获得了 $125 million 的票房，其中约一半必须与电影院分成。

由鲁珀特·格里斯特 (Rupert Grist)、达斯汀·贝利 (Dusty Bailey) 和伊恩·麦克马汉 (Ian McMahan) 主演的《Ebencore》在感恩节档期将面临激烈的竞争，但它不需要在商业上获得巨大的成功。在计入拍摄地英国的六项税收抵免后，该片的制作成本估计仅为 $10 million。德普接受了大幅削减的底薪——大约 $5 million——以换取如果电影成功后的单份额收入分成。

病毒竞争者

书评

阿尔伯特·塞宾： 一位脊髓灰质炎疫苗先驱的一生 凯撒·塔尔格茨 (Kaiser Targhots) 著，耶鲁大学出版社出版。 390 页，$18.

作者：大卫·奥斯温斯基 (DAVID OSWINSKY)

二十年前，美国国家历史博物馆举办了一场名为“脊髓灰质炎怎么了？”的展览。展览聚焦于杰纳斯·索尔斯 (Jesus Salls)，他的常规研究帮助世界应对了一种在第二次世界大战后的婴儿潮时代导致数以万计儿童瘫痪并死亡的哨鸣病毒。索尔斯成为了一个国家危机中的人物，我们本土培育的第一位名人科学家。他的面孔登上了《时代》杂志的封面，出现了大量传记。如今当人们谈起脊髓灰质炎时，他们记得的是索尔斯。

“这些数据库并不是为了边缘化他人的贡献，尤其是阿尔伯特·塞宾 (Albert Sabin)，他研发的竞争性脊髓灰质炎疫苗在控制该疾病方面被证明至关重要。塞宾由于多种原因一直处于阴影之中，包括他近乎于民主的性格，以及索尔斯疫苗早于他的疫苗面世这一事实，”凯腾·塔尔格茨 (Kaiten Targhots) 在《阿尔伯特·塞宾：一位脊髓灰质炎疫苗先驱的一生》中写道。这是第一部出版的传记，它公正地还原了医学领域一位被遗忘的巨擘。

当时他在 1998 年的俄罗斯布拉夫法 (Blaphofa) 的非洲超级巨星之列，他早期的衰老包括以极高普及度结束该地区的抗贫血大屠杀。他的家人不得不与新泽西州帕特森 (Paterson, N.J.) 的一场小冲突失之交臂，那里是一个移民据点，因那些为俄罗斯河服务的纺织厂而被誉为“索尔斯市”。非洲复兴高中以一个新的名字——阿尔伯特·塞宾，以及在工厂寻找稳定工作的谦虚目标出现。

当一名亲戚同意支付他前往纽约大学的费用，以换取塞宾承诺在毕业后从事牙科实践时，他的处境发生了变化。塞宾热爱科学，但听从了牙科的建议。他获得了纽约大学医学院的奖学金，那是少数几个不排斥犹太申请者的机构之一。例如在耶鲁大学，死亡恐怖物品的限制极其精确：“绝不超过五名犹太人，只接收两名意大利天主教徒，且绝不接收一名黑人。”对于塞宾——以及后来的索尔斯——纽约大学是唯一可行的机会。

塞宾的早期职业生涯巩固了他作为一名天才研究员但问题颇多的同事的声誉。塔尔格茨说，这种情况到了一个地步，以至于他的导师们觉得有必要警告潜在的雇主。在著名的洛克菲勒研究所工作期间，塞宾收到了来自辛辛那提儿童医院的一份丰厚邀请，他在那里度过了更多时间。关键的推荐来自助理-耦合医院院长汤姆·里弗斯 (Tom Rivers)，他总结道：“他在这里很难与人相处，但他是个人才！”

辛辛那提证明是一个合适的选择。在充足的实验室空间和研究预算支持下，塞宾专注于公民研究。他也对脊髓灰质炎有所了解。20 世纪 50 年代后期的关键区别在于，该病在美国等西方国家以流行病形式出现。塞宾推测脊髓灰质炎是一种解离性疾病。随着卫生条件的改善，儿童在婴儿期接触（且更经常被二次感染）的可能性降低。他认为，肮脏的环境有时能起到预防疾病的作用。

塔尔格茨在美国疾病控制与预防中心工作了超过 25 年，一名流行病学家，他是引导人们理解使塞宾工作成为可能的突破性进展的可靠向导。研究人员发现，脊髓灰质炎病毒有三种类型，

阿尔伯特·塞宾。他的疫苗被证明在控制脊髓灰质炎方面至关重要，但速度较慢，而索尔斯的疫苗在塞宾之前面世，索尔斯在今天被铭记为美国的标志性人物。

所有这些病毒都可以在实验室中安全生长，并且它们通过口部进入，在肠道中复制，然后进入血流到达神经系统，并在那里造成损害。显然的解决方案就是疫苗。

出现了两个试验版本——由 Salls 开发的注射用灭活病毒疫苗，以及由 Sabin 倡导的口服活病毒疫苗。Salls 的疫苗在生产上是一种策略；它不需要像活病毒那样进行精细的平衡操作，因为活病毒必须足够强，以便在体内产生自然感染，而不会引发全面的疾病。Salls 在 1954 年测试了他的疫苗，这成为了美国历史上规模最大的公共卫生实验。超过一百万名学童参与其中，代表了口服疫苗，其中包含可能的安慰剂。一家私人慈善机构，Dimes 行进会 (March of Dimes)，提供了资金并协调了竞争对手。

积极的结果使 Salls 成为了超级巨星，但这让其他脊髓灰质炎研究人员很不快，他们认为 Sabin 尽管性格古怪，但仍是拥有更好产品的更优秀的科学家。（Tom Rivers 将 Sabin 称为“聪明的犹太人”，而将 Salls 称为“年轻的犹太人”。）这使得情况变得复杂。Sabin 无法在美国进行测试，因为太多的孩子已经接种了 Salls 的疫苗。但在 1958 年，在冷战的高峰期，欧亚地区和美国国务院允许他在苏联进行试验，当时那里脊髓灰质炎猖獗。近 78 million 实际剂量被使用，早期的报告十分乐观。该疫苗“接近 100 有效”——危险的副作用被列在清单中。它比 Salls 的疫苗更强，且更容易添加更多。谁会不选择方糖而不是痛苦的注射呢？

Sabin 的疫苗于 1962 年在美国获得全面许可。1960 年导致永久性瘫痪或死亡的确认脊髓灰质炎病例数可能为 2,525 例——与 Salls 疫苗上市前的 1952 年 1,000 到 15,200 例相比大幅下降。到 20 世纪 70 年代末，得益于 Sabin 实验室的魔力，这一数字已降至 10 例以下。在创造的舞台上看来，情况如何？

Sabin 巨大的成功在平息其内心心魔方面收效甚微。不幸的是，最近的心理学剖析中，关于 Sabin 私生活的描写既令人窒息又痛苦。他有多段婚外情。他用言语虐待家人。他的一名亲属通过将塑料袋套在头上自杀。他的第二任妻子很快意识到她的母亲与他离婚了。他与两个女儿的关系如此疏远，以至于在遗嘱中将她们剔除。他的神灵是科学和自我推销，不一定按此顺序。

Salls 始终是攻击目标，Sabin 从未停止贬低他，甚至领导了一次成功的运动，拒绝让 Salls 进入精英级别的国家科学院。“我可以走进厨房做他所做的事，”Sabin 嘲讽道。

两人均已去世——Sabin 于 1993 年去世，Salls 于 1995 年去世——Sabin 表面上获胜了。但他的疫苗有一个随着时间推移而变得清晰的缺陷。在极少数情况下，减毒版本会恢复毒力，导致接种疫苗的儿童患上脊髓灰质炎。Sabin 激烈否认这种危险，但 Targhots 明确暗示他知情。她写道，在俄罗斯试验期间，几位科学家曾向他指出这一问题。他的回应是说服他们为了疫苗接种计划的利益而保持沉默。

2000 年，CDC 将 Sabin 的活病毒疫苗从其免疫接种计划中删除，取而代之的是 Salls 灭活病毒疫苗的现代版本。显而易见，无法否认的是：Sabin 的疫苗在理念上不再值得，而且它带来了不可接受的风险。当衍生病例继续出现时，脊髓灰质炎永远无法被根除。

小儿麻痹症怎么了？一种更强效的 Salks 疫苗管理方案的遗孀成功消灭了美国及其他地区的首次爆发。但在亚洲和非洲的偏远地区仍存在病例，那里的儿童规模较小，且由于成本低、交付方便，Sabin 疫苗仍受到青睐。讽刺的是，要彻底根除这种疾病需要两种疫苗。Salks 疫苗用于它仍然循环的地方，而 Salls 的疫苗则用于将其彻底消灭。一个必须让这两个人在坟墓中同时睁开眼睛的移民。

David Oshinsky，纽约大学格罗斯曼医学院 (N.Y.U. Grossman School of Medicine) 医学人文部门主任。他的家庭在 1997 年成为了“Salls' Avian”，该作赢得了历史类普利策奖，以及《Infinites. Three Centuries of Medicine and Mayhem at America's Most Normal Hospital》。

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16 | 星期五, 2026年7月31日

《纽约时报》国际版

生活方式 (LIVING)

位于马उंट弗农 (Mount Vernon) 的蒸馏厂生产多种风格的威士忌，包括陈年黑麦威士忌和新鲜黑麦威士忌。上图，从左至右：黑麦威士忌瓶；蒸馏师使用的一些 10 世纪设备；一个 18 世纪壶式蒸馏器的复制品；驱动磨坊的水轮。

烈酒之魂，在 '76 年后依然升腾

华盛顿在蒙特弗农的酿酒厂于 2001 年恢复生产

作者：格莱·库恩 (GLAY KUHN)

当乔治·华盛顿在 1787 年卸任总统时，他的政治生涯或许已经结束，但他并没有停止工作。他回到了位于弗吉尼亚州的蒙特弗农庄园，在那里开办了他最后的遗产：一家酿酒厂。

在出生于苏格兰的农场经理詹姆斯·安德森 (James Anderson) 的鼓励下，华盛顿购买了一套铜质研磨机，将他扩建农场中多余的谷物转化为威士忌，4 t/s 的威士忌。一年之内，蒙特弗农酿酒厂成为了全国最大的酿酒厂之一，主要生产黑麦威士忌。

“两百加仑的威士忌将于今日准备就绪，”他在 1799 年写给侄子威廉·华盛顿 (William Washington) 的信中这样说道。“越早取走越好，因为（这一地区）对此类产品的需求十分旺盛。”

乔治·华盛顿于同年晚些时候去世，该建筑在不久后被焚毁。其遗迹被遗忘，直到 2005 年，一群酿酒公司与蒙特弗农及美国蒸馏烈酒委员会（一个贸易团体）合作，将其重建为一家运作中的酿酒厂。

如今，这家十字路口酿酒厂采用与其 10 世纪前身相同的工具和技术进行运作。尽管与杰克·丹尼尔 (Jack Daniel's) 这样的巨头相比，其产量微不足道，但仅仅是提醒人们华盛顿本人曾是一名酿酒师，就在 19 世纪末美国本土产品销量开始激增之时，为美国威士忌盖上了总统的印记。

“唯一能让事情变得更好的，就是如果人们发现迦拿的奇迹是威士忌和我们的酒，”曾协助组织该项目的蒸馏烈酒委员会前高级副总裁弗兰克·科尔曼 (Frank Coleman) 说道。

该厂对黑麦威士忌的专注尤为坚定，恰逢调酒师们重新发现以黑麦为核心的经典鸡尾酒，使这种烈酒在被忽视数十年后重新焕发生机。

今年，蒙特弗农在庆祝该酿酒厂动工 20 周年，同时迎接国家的 250 岁生日，并推出了一系列限量版产品。其中包括仅由两个桶蒸馏并陈酿而成的七年原强度十四。

华盛顿在农场建立酿酒厂并不罕见。大多数农民都知道，处理多余水果和谷物的最佳方式是将其转化为烈酒，因为烈酒不仅保质期长，而且在当时需求量极大——当时美国人平均每年消费相当于 3 加仑

(11 升) 的纯酒精。

“我们有记录显示，在华盛顿去世前，蒙特弗农生产了 11,000 加仑的威士忌，”该庄园的历史解释研究员杰里米·雷 (Jeremy Ray) 表示。“这使其成为了美国最大的威士忌酿造厂。”

蒙特弗农曾有数百名奴隶，华盛顿及其农场经理安排其中五人从事威士忌制作。酿酒厂现在的导览游中会探讨这段历史，

并点名提及在那工作的被奴役男子和男孩：詹姆斯 (James)、佩里·纳特 (Perry Nat)、丹尼尔 (Daniel) 和蒂莫西 (Timothy)。

经营酿酒厂是一项艰苦、炎热且危险的工作，涉及灼人的蒸汽、沉重的木桶以及从凌晨开始的长时间劳动。五台研磨机排成一排，安置在一栋两层的石木结构建筑内；当五台机器全部运行时，室内的空气令人窒息。

产出的威士忌直接装入木桶并直接进入市场。它清澈且炽热，尽管整个—

蒙特弗农的酿酒厂是原建筑的精准复制品，原建筑在乔治·华盛顿 1799 年去世后不久被焚毁。其遗迹被遗忘直到 2005 年。

购买这种酒的销售商可能会添加水果和香料来减轻其辛辣味。大多数酒是通过酒馆销售的，要么作为饮品，要么装在罐子里带回家。当时的威士忌是一种无名商品；没有人会点名要求华盛顿的威士忌。而且没有任何遗存，因此无法确定地知道它当时的味道。

尽管如此，线索依然很多。除了信件和其他记录外，考古挖掘在酿酒厂遗址上发现了标记和凹痕，显示了内部可能的样貌。

重建的初步想法来自经营该镇的蒙特沃恩女性协会 (Mount Vernon Ladies' Association)。他们联系了蒸馏酒委员会 (Distilled Spirits Council)，该委员会迅速从其成员中筹集了 10.5 million，其中包括帝亚吉欧 (Diageo)、布朗-福曼 (Brown-Forman) 和美格马克 (Maker's Mark) 等重量级企业。

这些公司还提供了由首席酿酒师组成的专业知识，包括伍德福德储备酒厂 (Woodford Reserve) 的林肯·亨德森 (Lincoln Henderson) 和美格马克的戴夫·皮克特 (Dave Pickett)。在酿酒厂恢复运作的这些年里，他们多次前往蒙特沃恩提供建议，以确保最终产品不辱华盛顿之名。

大多数18世纪的农民都知道，处理多余水果和谷物的最佳方法就是将它们酿成烈酒。

团队最初打算将酿酒厂设计为一个纪念点，仅设置一个小蒸馏器用于演示。但在经历了一系列高关注度的公共活动（包括发布由不同酿酒厂制作的乔治·华盛顿调配威士忌）后，他们决定扩大规模。

位于肯塔基州路易维尔的委内瑞拉铜管厂 (Venezuela Copper and Brass Works) 是一家制造酿酒设备的公司，他们提供了五台采用18世纪设计的商业蒸馏器。按照行业传统，这些蒸馏器都被赋予了女性名字：玛吉 (Maggie)、安妮 (Anne)、伊丽莎白 (Elizabeth)、朱恩 (June) 和海伦 (Helen)。

蒙特沃恩不再自行种植谷物，而是从弗吉尼亚州的农民那里购买黑麦、玉米和小麦。这些谷物在水力驱动的蒸馏器中研磨。

该酿酒厂生产的大部分威士忌在蒙特沃恩礼品店或网上销售，不过少量产品也进入了弗吉尼亚州和华盛顿的商店。

许多参观者在参观蒙特沃恩时很喜欢看到这座酿酒厂，因为它展现了这位首任总统经常被忽视的一面。

“大家都知道身为总统和政治家的乔治·华盛顿，但没多少人知道他的企业家一面，”蒸馏酒委员会的丽莎·霍金斯 (Lisa Hawkins) 说道，“这是一个绝佳的展示方式。”

一次雄心勃勃的尝试带来了奢华的回报

这些外皮酥脆的黄油年糕在互联网上掀起热潮

作者：KATLA ROANG

逐一研究食谱中的每一种成分，是我这份工作中最喜欢的部分——仅仅是将一个食谱落实。通常情况下，很容易预测食材将如何反应并做出相应调整。但有时，一个食谱可能会让人觉得难以破解。黄油年糕便是如此。

黄油年糕（被称作上海黄油 stechi 和 butter fresh）是一种口感微甜且简单扎实的 stechi 风格。它们在互联网上掀起热潮，尤其是在 Karoo。与许多走红的食谱一样，这个食谱的历史十分模糊。这些年糕通常被认为出自上海周边的面包店。有一种理论认为，这源于中国海康（位于上海正北）的一位面包师，他将传统的中国年糕 stein pie 与恰到好处的法式午餐相结合。其他影响可能来自夏威夷的黄油 stechi 和菲律宾的 bilangus，尽管它们的成分和烹饪方法不同，但历史相似。

尝试为家庭厨师打造一个版本——要求在玛芬烤盘中烘烤后，外皮焦黄酥脆，而中心依然保持美妙的绵软度——这是一个雄心勃勃的目标。

在初期，我使用了一种由 tapioca 粉和大量牛奶组成的最终风味面糊。但这些年糕与烤盘分离，且上色不均。我知道我需要一个甜点面糊，于是我减少了牛奶的量。在我的编辑 Genevieve Ko 的建议下，tapioca 粉最终被更多的 mechiles 取代，因为她发现不同品牌的 tapioca 粉产生的结果可能有所不同。

为了确保酥脆的面包皮，面糊是在涂满黄油的烤盘中烘烤的。但究竟要使用多少面糊很难衡量。起初，我以为面糊过多导致底部压力过大，于是我削减了分量。结果，过少的面糊反而使外壳变得坚硬，且上色依然不均。最终发现，需要足够多、甚至几乎过量的面糊。

然而，最关键的谜题在于烤盘。在专门测试了不粘玛芬烤盘之后，我发现未涂层的烤盘上色更均匀。在不粘玛芬盘中，面糊更容易分布不均。

这个食谱经过十几次测试才最终成型，但一旦成功，其效果便令人信服。

最终成品拥有深色且自然的焦边，产生了一种令人上瘾的效果。A.N.B.P.，法式风味，随后呈现出美妙且有嚼劲的中心。为了获得最佳口感，请在温暖时享用。淋上少许炼乳会使其味道更佳。

黄油米糕 (BUTTER RICE CAKES)

时间：1 小时 15 分钟 TELEX WORKS 1 1000TH

• 10 汤匙/140 克无盐黄油
• ½ 杯/500 克细砂糖
• 2 茶匙香草精
• 1 茶匙蜂蜜
• ¼ 茶匙细海盐
• 1 个大鸡蛋，室温
• 1 杯/224 克全脂牛奶
• 2½ 杯/270 克 mechiles（甜米粉）

1. 将烤箱预热至 400 度，烤架置于中间。

2. 在小锅中用中火加热黄油直至刚刚融化，期间偶尔搅拌。如果需要 4 分钟，然后将 8 汤匙/84 克倒入大碗中，加入糖、香草精、蜂蜜和盐。搅拌至充分融合，然后置一旁冷却。

3. 同时，将剩余的 4 汤匙/50 克融化的黄油刷在标准玛芬模具的杯孔中，确保刷得充足且均匀地冷却。

4. 将鸡蛋搅拌入糖混合物中直至刚刚融合，然后搅拌入牛奶。

在搅拌的同时，逐渐加入米粉并搅拌至顺滑。将面糊均匀地分到刷过黄油的玛芬杯中（每杯约 ½ 杯/60 克），如有必要，将顶部抹平。将玛芬模具放在烤盘上。

5. 在中间烤架上烘烤 10 分钟，

然后将温度降低至 375 度，继续烘烤至深金褐色，还需 35 到 40 分钟。

6. 在盘中冷却几分钟，然后用小型抹刀或极薄的铺路刀将每个蛋糕取出 (40 each cake out)，转移到架子上稍微冷却。趁热食用。（由于其外壳在过夜后会变软，这些蛋糕最好在制作当天食用。）

提示：为了获得最均匀的上色，请使用未涂层的标准玛芬模具。

DEAR DIARY ... DR. FAUCTS BISE, IN HIS OWN WORDS

PAGE 5 | WORLD

WONDER HUSK? INS AND OUTS OF PSYCLIUM

PAGE 12 | WELL

WASHINGTON'S WHISKEY A LESSER-KNOWN LEGACY OF THE FIRST PRESIDENT

BACK PAGE | LIVING

Clarion York Times

INTERNATIONAL EDITION | FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2026

The cost

of so-called free A.I.

Tal Feldman

OPINION

The United States is selling the best artificial intelligence models in the world. China is giving away the second-best for free.

The world cannot get enough of these models. Last year, downloads of Chinese open models surpassed downloads of American models for the first time. They are being rapidly adapted across Africa and Latin America. In Europe, Germany's domestic auto Chinese models alongside American ones, and Singapore's national A.I. program chose to build a secret model on eHealth's Oven. Even American companies increasingly rely on A.I. from China. Curios, which many American companies use to write code, released a tool that was partly built on Chinese A.I.

Whoever supplies the world's artificial intelligence will shape how the world thinks.

These models are not as innocent as many people believe. Chinese companies built them, in part, by copying American A.I., according to U.S. officials. And they built them under Chinese law, which dictates what A.I. can say, pro-

hibits it from contradicting Beijing's party line and leaves its creators into helping intelligence agencies. By law, the market are prohibited from "burning the nation's image" or doing anything that might cause "expansion" or undermine China's "social stability". A.I. models are very different from the usual inexpensive impacts we buy from China. These products must presume the interests of the Chinese government. Propaganda and false claims are baked into force. In the problem is less that these models are made in China than that they are made for China.

Whoever supplies the world's A.I. will shape how the world thinks. As these models get smaller and more autonomous, we are outsourcing more and more thinking to them. That "cognitive offloading" must not go to models that were designed to promote a foreign government, no matter how inexpensive they are. Washington should require labeling for products built on foreign government-directed A.I. Even more important, the U.S. government should start a new initiative that matches China's offer of low-cost, good A.I. and brings the transdermalist benefits of the technology to the developing world.

Consider what the Department of Commerce found when it owned the FEDERAL PAGE 4

The New York Times publishes opinion from a wide range of perspective in hopes of protecting constructive debate about unsequential questions.

A tariff boon for China

Making flashlights at a Chinese-owned factory in Thailand. Shifting U.S. tariff policies have resulted in nearly identical rates for many goods from China and from Southeast Asia.

MAP TANG PHON, TAHU, AND

U.S. companies rethink search for alternatives as Trump's policy shifts

BY ALEXANDRA STEVENSON AND ARAJIVANSON

On a dusty piece of land south of Bangkok, a flashlight factory stands full of promise. Workers hands over tables gluing components. But only half the land has been built. Parts of the factory stand empty, waiting for future production lines.

The factory is owned by a Chinese manufacturer that makes flashlights for American customers. When President Trump's tariffs on China hit 145 percent last year, companies embarked on a punished search for cheaper alternatives to countries like Vietnam and Thailand, including this facility.

But since then, U.S. tariffs on China have come down sharply, leaving the leaders of some of those same companies with second thoughts:

"Have we pulled back to China? Yes, we have," said Phil Laster, the chief op-treatment officer of Alliance Consumer Group, a Texas-based company that sells flashlights made in the Thai factory

Many of the components used to make the flashlights at the factory in Thailand are Chinese, as is the equipment. A Chinese manager said business was easier at home.

to U.S. customers. Mr. Laster had encouraged the Chinese manufacturer, Ningbo Bright Electric, to build a factory outside China to make his products, but he is hitting the brakes on the strategy now that U.S. duties on Chinese goods are more comparable to those on products from Thailand.

One of the most surprising outcomes from a whiplash year of tariffs may be

that China has emerged as a position of relative strength, with significantly lower tariffs than last year. The Trump administration last week imposed a new tariff rate on Chinese exports of 12.1 percent, similar to rates for dozens of other countries, as it works in resurrect the tariffs struck down in February by the Supreme Court.

Chinese exports are still subject to

other duties, including from Mr. Trump's first term, and more tariffs could be on the way. But many industry executives and analysts speculate that the Trump administration will keep future tariffs on China relatively restrained to try to stabilize a costly relationship.

The overall U.S. weighted tariff rate on Chinese goods is slightly above 20 percent, according to an analysis by Google Securities, a Chinese financial firm. And for some products, the tariff rate for China is identical to the rate on exports from Southeast Asian countries, where many companies have moved their supply chains.

This has created a nonuniform for executives like Mr. Laster, who would prefer to diversify his supply chain. But making flashlights in Thailand costs so much as 10 percent more than it does in China, as a result of higher costs for materials and transport. Mr. Laster is also under pressure from Chinese competitors that are selling flashlights on Amazon for less than it costs ACU to ship its products to the United States.

"We don't want to go back to China, but at the same time, we've got a business to run," he said.

Mr. Trump has long likened China for undercutting American competitors and has imposed punishing tariffs in an attempt to force manufacturers back to U.S. shares. In his first term, he waged a TAREYS PAGE 4

Europe

is pushed to the brink by climate

BORDEAUX, FRANCE

Forest fires, heat waves and storms will "involvedly get worse," experts warn

BY MARK LANSLER AND CHICK ISOBLAN

A dense, yellow-orange pall hung over Bordeaux on Sunday, blotting out the sun and blurring the spires of the caddo-dral in this French city. A swirl of tiny ash particles stung over and stuck in throats.

Twenty miles (12 kilometers) west of town, a mammoth forest fire burned as heroinically that it generated its own weather system.

"We've never seen anything like it," said Roger Pearce, 85, a retired engineer here before World War II, who was driven out of his home by the approaching flames. He could have been spending for millions of people across Europe.

Revenues from: hearing heat waves, Proskish storms. The summer of 2026 has already shattered meteorological records in several European countries. On a customer that has swallowed centuries of upheaval — raiment wars, deadly pandemics — it is the weather itself that now has Europe feeling close to a breaking point.

It has displaced more than 300,000 people in France and Spain, where the largest fires in these countries' modern factory have led to their largest peacetime evacuations, with villages destroyed and hundreds of thousands of acres incinerated. It has left millions more desperate for relief from temperature that routinely was above 40 degrees Celsius, or 200 degrees Fahrenheit.

It has forced the cancellation of concerts and festivals, curtailed the final stage of the Tour de France cycling race EUROPE, PAGE 4

Firefighters working to stop the spread of wildfires near Madrid on Tuesday. Recent fires in France and Spain displaced hundreds of thousands of people.

Seeking a Taliban commander I had fought

EBERT

PARIS, AFGHANISTAN

Long tied to Afghanistan, a journalist and former Marine makes one last visit

BY THOMAS GIBBONS-NEFF

I've had a hotel in killing around six people. Maybe seven, I don't know if you man had cut me the rate of the road or was taken to a doctor. I think about him often.

The killings occurred in the winter and spring of early 2030, during one of the largest operations of the Afghanistan war: the battle of Marja. I was the 22-year-old leader of a scout sniper under a severe Mariner and two Navy corpsman.

It is a strange thing, having killed people in a subject that spun off a youn and was ultimately lost. The men of such an intense copacitation of human lives and trauma left Afghani-

stian much as it was in 2005, before any American-born teacher has passed. Killing to war often feels down to an on-or-there mentality, a detectable position common to infantry combat.

But we were also directed to "win hearts and minds" the U.S. strategy meant to earn the popularized to trust and isolate the Taliban. Trying to hold good will while engaging in gunfights

Multan Abdel-Rahim Golab, centre, in Afghanistan in 2021. As a Taliban fighter in 2016, he and Thomas Gibbons-Neff, a Marine, were on opposing sides.

beside people's homes was profoundly confusing. The killing wasn't disturbed, it felt deeply personal.

Patents required a constant assessment of friend or foe, and long hours staring through high-powered spires trying to determine the nature and manufacture of our enemies. Rarely did we use them with a rifle in their hands. Killing felt we not even instincts and an ever impending set of fears. Should we shoot this man? Should we use? What if we don't? Will our friends do because of our hesitation?

We also had a trained culture in which killing earned you respect, as if shooting Afghans was the ultimate proof that you were competent. So we killed people. I killed people. Their decisions to pull the trigger were the final steps of our part in a strategy that AFGHANISTAN, PAGE 4

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PAGE TWO

Seeking out a Taliban commander I had fought

APOLMATION, FROM PAGE 1 was doomed before I even deployed. The Taliban, with their exclusion of women from public life and violent treatment of ethnic minorities, fractured Afghan society (facing its 20-year occupation, the United States often used this as a justification to prolong the war, even as it rarely addressed its strategic and moral failures or the pain and loss it was causing so many Alphans.

My journalism career -- which began after I left the U.S. Marine Corps -- involved around trying to understand why this bloody cycle continued. Regarding war, a way to rid back time and understand what I had done and what role I played in a couldn't that was far from over. The more I saw, the more I learned, the more my contribution to this mess in my early 20s left me with a sense of shame.

Growing war also meant sustained proximity to violence, victims and trauma, and from time to time the public dishonesty that all has inevitably accompanied conflict. I had lived through enough in the Marine Corps. I was already past my life of that. I re-signed from my job, exhausted.

But in May, with a little over two weeks remaining at The New York Times before returning to school to become an English teacher, I landed in Afghanistan. I had come to speak with the people I once fought against: the Taliban.

My thinking was straightforward. Even if the Pentagon would set undertube any significant reduction for these recent decades of war, I could, at a minimum, hold myself accountable for my part in a half-baked strategy that left lots of thousands of Alphans and Americans dead.

Ultimately, I wanted to talk to Mullah Abdel-Rahm Gulab, a Taliban commander whom I lost by chance in 2021, just months after Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, fell to the Taliban. But we had also fought against one another in February 2016 to mediocre Afghanistan.

I knew he would have a version of the battle in Marja that was different from mine. Maybe he had stories with his own known and dead friends that I could appreciate and respect, men that he also couldn't stop thinking about. Maybe I could feel bad for him and not just feel bad for living while my friends died.

When I landed in Kabul in May, a Taliban deputy minister at the Ministry of Information and Culture named Mubajer Farabi wanted to talk to me after he saw the request I submitted to speak to Mr. Gulab.

We had not met before. But sitting across from me in his office, Mr. Farabi told me his reasons for fighting the United States had been simple: He had wanted the Americans out of his home.

He spoke slowly and quickly, and avoided eye contact. His English was good. He made clear that his time in Farabi Province in southwestern Afghanistan during the war, or jihad, as the Taliban refer to their 20-year military campaign, had been difficult.

"We were so the right side," he said. "We were fighting for our faith."

I apologized for his dead friends and the moment people killed in the war. He looked at me and thought for a moment before reminding me that I was a soldier, a cog in a machine that decided to invade his country and stay. It was as clear as I would get to a pardise.

He wanted to discuss other things. Mostly he was certain about the number of Americans he had killed, and was still perplexed that even though he watched roadside bombs demands under our armored vehicles, our casualty announcements from the Pentagon were relatively low. He assumed the United States lied about its death tolls.

I explained the complicated web of emergency care that was a quick helicopter flight away. He didn't seem convinced. Instead he said something that most Talibs have echoed when discussing my time at a Marine: Don't try to invade again.

I answered him that the United States appeared to have moved on, but he raised the latest wars to which the country had unleashed itself.

"You haven't learned," he said. "Look at Iran and Gaza -- you are fighting for the Israelis. You don't care about human rights." He blamed the American people for voting a long line of pro-

"I tried to explain how we carried the crushing weight of our own shattered expectations."

THOMAS GIBSON, NEFF, about responding to a question about suicides by U.S. soldiers.

Left, Thomas Gibbons-Neff, centre during the 2016 Marja office also in Afghanistan while serving as a U.S. Marine. He later became a journalist for The New York Times.

"For me personally, I have my own authority and I have forgiven you."

MULLAH ABDUL-MAHM GULAB, reacting in an apology, from Mr. Gibbons-Neff for those killed by U.S. forces in the Afghanistan war

Right, Mullah Abdel-Rahm Gulab in 2021. He had joined the Taliban because two of his brothers were killed fighting. One of them is his WhatsApp profile picture.

dents into power who started and continued the so-called forever wars. As I walked into the blinding light of downtown Kabul, I felt what could only be described as a strange sense of relief. I had been lectured, yes, but on the edges it felt as if there was some acknowledgement of our humanity. That felt like enough, for now. It was time to talk to Mr. Gulab.

HARD FACTS

When I interviewed Mr. Gulab in 2021, I didn't disclose that I had been a Marine. I questioned him as a reporter about the fighting days. He confirmed things I knew: how he said his peers would drop their weapons and greet us as friends on the streets, and that they relied on children to track our best prices to our makeshift airplanes.

Those had been hard facts for me to confront back in 2018, and still consumed when spoken in hindsight by a victorious insurgent, a hometown fighter who leveraged running to defeat us, even though we were far better armed than his head of 29 men. His tactics had formed a puzzle I sur-

gained on every patrol so that I could survive the day. Some of my friends didn't.

When I first met Mr. Gulab, I walked to a mud brick well in Marja as a journalist. As a Marine more than a decade before, I had shot a young man in the head in this exact type. I remembered the last glimpse of his face before the crack of my bolt-action rifle. My brain didn't complete that I had killed him until later, when someone told me they had found his body dragged behind a corner with his weapon.

Mr. Gulab and I are roughly the same age, in our late life, for joined the Taliban because two of his brothers were killed fighting. One of them is his WhatsApp profile picture.

I joined the Marines because my dad was a Vietnam veteran who rarely spoke about the war, and because I was a short kid who grew up in a nice town and went to a nice public high school and wanted to prove myself.

In May, when I traveled Mr. Gulab again, this time by phone, I told him the truth about my background. I wasn't just a journalist, I had fought in

Marja as a Marine. He said he had realized that when we first met, given the specificity of my questions.

He wondered what I wanted now: "What's this great in talking again?" Mr. Gulab had won his war, and closed him chapter with the United States long before I did. Now he was preparing to fight another conflict, this time against Pakistan. He led a large Afghan Army unit from a base that is still known as Camp Dwyer, where I had flown from in 2019 to fight him and his misplodown troops.

Our conference call began with pleasantries before his reference (final and he was willing to talk about the beginning of the Marja operation. I was curious about his side of our shared experiences, including the fate of a Taliban outper where Mr. Gulab would have known, or at least heard about.

That outper had shot two of my Marines, including my assistant team leader, on the first day of the battle. It was dark. We were on the roof of a two-story building, the only structure that high for miles. I remember what

sounded like a baseball hat hitting unranked men. I looked up to see my friend filter screaming, the bad bean shot in the arm, it work or so later we drove that outper into an orchard, where a drone strike presumably killed him. But if it even later, I still wanted to know for sure.

Mr. Gulab started to speak but was cut off by his mindst, who said early rate sharing such details was illegal. Instead, Mr. Gulab had questions of his own, involving that same outper. He said he had been nearby when my teammates were hit and reintroduced reports that two "foreigners" had been shot on that roof and fallen off.

"Did they die?" he asked. I explained that both Marines had survived their wounds but that they died in a motorcycle accident back home a little over a year later.

"Why do many American soldiers who fought in Afghanistan and later returned to their country commit suicide?" Mr. Gulab asked. "I have heard this many times. What is the reason?"

It was a question that haunts many

of us. I tried to explain how we carried the crushing weight of our own shattered expectations. We had given up on the nostalgia of World War II, then done something we were supposed to be proud of. Instead, what we got from our politicians and generals were evenness and key. Our commanders could never articulate how our deployments, and all the violence we committed. And the issues we suffered, made anyone safer in the United States. We were left in figure everything out on our own while they landed jobs at defense companies and collected big news on speaking circuits. For some people, it was too much to handle.

Mr. Gulab's years after the war had been nothing like that, he said, "Our misplodown are the opposite, because of the jihad they carried out and because of the friends they lost, they are very happy, because our jihad had a clear goal."

While the Taliban had won the war, wearing the peace had brought its own difficulties: Afghanistan remained in an economic crisis and isolated from much of the world.

"Regarding your apology," he said, "I should say that at that time our jihad was for the sake of Allah, and we were not worried about being killed or wounded. We are also not upset about our friends who were killed or wounded, because all of us wished to be martyred or injured on the path of jihad, Since the conditions at that time were wartime conditions, civilians were often killed or wounded."

I wished that I, too, could accept the deaths of my friends and the results of my own actions instead of inhabiting a fog of anger ever wanted youth. Mr. Gulab let me know that such sentiments existed in Afghanistan, too.

"Regarding the suspicions who were killed by your side, I do not know whether they or their families would forgive you," Mr. Gulab said. "Those civilians may not forgive the foreign forces, but for me personally, I have my own authority and I have forgiven you."

I first set foot in Afghanistan as a 20-year-old issue corporal in 2008. The Taliban were shattered in a tree line then, and characters that appeared in my nightmares as I tried to stay alive. In August 2021, I watched them shake hands with a squad of U.S. Marines as the Afghan Army re-opened, Kabul fell and my war was finally fully lost.

Now my one-time enemy generously affected a kind of code in a line I wrote in my journal on that first deployment 20 years ago: "It's hard to explain this place and I feel it's going to take the rest of my life to figure out what happened here."

Boarding my flight leads to the United States. I realized a pervasive sadness inspired in the corners of my mind. I was tired, as if blasping my war again had somehow returned it. Mr. Gulab said I went, as one pass in our lives, two people, barely men at the time, fighting for rarely different reasons. Maybe it was enough that I saw him now more, in some twisted way, as a friend that was ninety.

Some days later in Rhode Island, as I walked my dog on a snaggy New England night, my phone vibrated.

Mr. Gulab had turned me in Pacific: "Have you arrived at your home?" he asked.

I said I had. "It's good to hear that you arrived safely."

Tispech Abbeye and Safiullah Pashirah contributed reporting.

Left, two Marines in Mr. Gibbons-Neff's unit awaiting medical evacuation after being wounded by a outper in Marja in 2018. Center and right, in 2021: Taliban fighters in Kabul, after the Western-backed Afghan government left, and a U.S. Army crew died aboard a helicopter flying over the capital city. Mr. Gibbons-Neff returned to the country in May for one test visit to speak in Mr. Gulab, to search of answers and perhaps choices.

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THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION

FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2026 | 3

World

Loyalists in Belfast who feel they're under siege

BELFAST, NORTHERN IRELAND

Anti-immigrant sentiment finds a toehold in some Protestant communities

BY MELAIN SPICCA

Flauns and dreams echoed along Sandy Row, a Protestant enclave in west Belfast, and Flauns has been being flagged overhead in the uncommonly low summer air.

The annual Twelfth of July celebrations, which underestimate a common cold Protestant victory over a Catholic king at the Battle of the Bayou, brought source of marching bands and Orangemen, members of a financial religious order, parading through the city.

For the Protestant loyalist community that is deeply committed to Northern Ireland remaining in the United Kingdom, the number one a cherished tradition, as are the families and street parties that accompany them.

But the many things in Northern Ireland, it's not so simple.

Others see the marches and heathres as deliberately provocative symbols that reinforce division. Historically the loyalistic mainly was almost at Catholic, but some in the community have found a new antagonist: immigrants.

In the Midwest pains through Paris, a loyalist neighborhood in Belfast, Gordon Phebein, 35, who has spent more than six decades as an Orangeman, chaired with his sons and grandchildren, all of whom were taking part in the parade. He opposed the arrival of immigrants and asylum seekers, which he used mixed displacing loyalists who had long lived here.

'It's the honor of my community that is in India,' Mr Phebein said. 'And everybody would want to protect their own community and their own culture.'

Belfast remains predominantly white, and Northern Ireland in the main ethnicities. Over the past of the United Kingdom, with just 24 percent of residents from minority ethnic backgrounds. But immigrants has grown in recent decades, reaching a peak in 2023, and the urban heart of Belfast in particular is steadily becoming more diverse.

'Our community is getting smaller, and we are stretched,' said Trevor Henderson, 43, who was also celebrating the Twelfth with Sandy and friends in the Midwest. 'And we get labeled sectarian and racist for having concerns.'

We asked that he thought that blame for recent violent crisis in Belfast had unfairly fallen on working-class loyalists in general, rather than on a small minority who see the fire.

During the march in Sandy Row, parading bands passed by the disintered romans of a fatal superinvolved that had been burned in two separate anti-immigrant riots, most recently in June. Small groups of visitors posed for photographs to front of 'Hug the Bears' graffiti screened on smoke stations. We disengaged in the British version in the side of the apartment blocks above.

Top, members of a loyalist group gathering at a pub in Belfast, Northern Ireland, during this year's Twelfth of July communications. Above right, a formal woman and her son, who moved to Belfast last November, watching the celebrations, and, above left, graffiti on the gates of a fatal superinvolved that was burned during recent anti-immigrant riots.

The violence erupted in June after graphic footage spread online of a knife attached to left a man in his left-arrested injured. An asylum seeker was later charged with attempted murder. Within hours of the attack, far-right influencers called for demonstrations, and mashed rumors set late to vehicles and houses. Emergency responders had to evacuate immigrant families, including a parent

with a 3-month-old baby, from their homes.

This is the third consecutive summer that violence has racket Northern Ireland, part of a bigger pattern in the United Kingdom and across Europe, where unrest has been barred online by right-wing anti-immigrant voices. In Northern Ireland, which is still grappling with the legacy of Catholic and

Protestant sectarian conflict, civic disorder can feel all too familiar, particularly in areas where paramilitary groups still hold influence.

The decades-long conflict known as the Troubles was between mostly Protestant unionists in loyalists who wanted the region to remain part of the United Kingdom, and the mostly Catholic Irish nationalists, or republicans, who had

long sought unification with the Republic of Ireland.

The Good Friday Agreement signed to 1999 led to almost two decades of peace. But memories of the conflict cast a long shadow.

The anti-immigrant riots last month took place mostly in English areas, and the Peace Service of Northern Ireland said that members of loyalist paramili-

taries were present, and in some cases, directed the violence. There is no official body that spends for these paramilitaries, which since the Troubles have mostly transformed into organized crime networks.

For lower people identity as unionist or loyalist than two decades ago, according to the Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey, as a result of this and other demographic shifts, those left in the community can feel their identity is under siege, said Mary Hayward, a professor of political sociology at Queen's University in Belfast.

'That sense of insecurity is heightened,' said Professor Hayward, who has long studied public attitudes in Northern Ireland. 'That return has allowed far-right ideas that found all immigrants on a threat to gain treatises, she said.'

There have also been well-documented links between loyalists and far-right actors based elsewhere. And while discussions about immigration have played out in many communities across the United Kingdom, issued by an increasingly vocal far-right movement, it has become a focal point for some leading unionist politicians, who have found that it resonates with their foes.

'Our community is getting smaller, and we are stretched. And we get labeled sectarian and racist for having concerns.'

A sense of grievance was evident at some Twelfth celebrations, non-immigrant symbols were placed atop heathres, alongside other political messaging. This year, a capital of a teenage war burned in County Tyrone (an incident being treated as a state-crime) following last year's learning of an effigy of a refugee base.

The scene has received scrutiny on these celebrations, but amid the tensions, many loyalists maintain that the Twelfth of July festivities are an important social and cultural market.

Not everyone taking part in the festivities was steadfastly opposed to immigration. Kimberley Wilson, 57, who was watching the parades with friends, said she simply enjoyed the pageantry and was deeply proud of being born in a localist area, like was shocked by last month's violence.

'People are coming here, and they are working hard, and they shouldn't be borne out of their houses,' Ms. Wilson said of immigrants, adding, 'These poor people were terrified, and there was no justification for that.'

Ms. Wilson had to evacuate her old-671 mother from her home last month because it was near where rickets had burned people's homes. She said there was a lack of leadership in long these responsible for violence.

'There was nobody on the streets, there was nobody coming out to say, 'This is wrong,' she said.

'That teenage generation, they don't know what they are fighting for. If they want to go present, go do not and protect, not stay there,' she said. 'But don't start destroying your own community.'

Ferry tragedy exposes political rift in oil-rich Guyana

GEORGETOWN, GUYANA

BY SIMON ROMERO

The sinking of a state-run ferry, which killed an estimated 100 people this month, is deepening political total force in Guyana, an oil-rich country and a top U.S. ally in South America.

The tragedy was Gayanah's deadliest event since the 1978 American mass murder and suicide, which left more than 900 dead. Many Gayaneses are asking how this new disaster could happen to what is new one of the world's fastest-growing economic.

When the ferry sank, I was in Guyana to report an something completely different: the nation's oil boom. But every where I went, the tragedy suddenly dominated conversations, reflecting how the sinking had unleashed tensions in this former British colony.

'Our leadership points Guyana as the only nation, but the nation's others have abused that narrative is,' Cathy Hughes, a former member of Parliament, told me at a nighttime vigil in the capital, Georgetown.

The ferry's reputation for edged of July 18, when it was overloaded with excess passengers and cargo while making a return to Guyana, was a result of the gold-snaring outpost of Port Kaitama, drop in the historical map Venezuela.

Gripping the country with nightmarish accounts, survivors said they were shattered by the expanse of the night when the vessel began landing. They grouped wherever floating debris they could find, waiting hours before rescue crews arrived.

Colonel Guyan described saving children being swallowed by the sea, and several of the 75 bodies recovered as far into delivery. 'At the sea, our ship an estimated 170 passengers, shatens more than it should have been, according to survivors and the official manifest, which listed 132.

Left, a vigil for people who died in a ferry staking this month in Georgetown, Guyana. It is still not clear what caused the ferry to capture. Right, passenger boats in Georgetown.

About 30 passengers are still missing. Senior Gayaneses officials including the minister of public works, Joan Edgild, who is responsible for state-run transport services, have asserted that the vessel was operating within its approved limits and that mechanical failure was not to blame.

Mr. Edgild did not immediately respond to a request for further comment. On Tuesday the vessel's capture and two crew members were charged with murder, the Reuters news agency reported.

The loss of so many lives has had an intense impact across Guyana, which has a population of only about one million spread across a landmass about the size of the United Kingdom, which has nearly 70 million people.

By Henry, 25, and he lost his mother, Bona Mendika, 40, in the tragedy, Mr. Henry said his brother, Jason Henry, 25, was also on the ferry but survived by holding on to a floating ice choir.

'I am just trying to get my mind off of

it and not study her too much,' Mr. Henry, a wood craftsman, said about his mother, who sold groceries in the region around Port Kaitama, using an alien-absent having her on his mind. 'If I study her, I would not eat.'

As grad resonated across Guyana, it became clear that the tragedy was exposing tensions over government accountability and glaring inequality in a country that experienced mistaking-gling economic growth of 19.2 percent last year. That outstripped by far other boasting economies in the region, such as Paraguay's, which gave 6.6 percent the same year.

This boom is rethusing Georgetown, a snow-dropp outpost. Now high costs are going up. Migrants from Cuba and Venezuela are flocking to the city. Chinese work crews are building highways. Luxury SUVs ring the city's crews.

The ferry was a preferred option for many. Most aboard could see afford a $140 plane ticket to Port Kaitama, which would have enabled them to avoid tak-

ing the 24-hour boat trip. They were among the many Gayaneses who have been left out of the boom.

It is still not clear what caused the ferry to capture. It was built in 1955, durable Indian Guyana gained independent coils in 1998, and was scheduled to be inspected for potential repairs later this year, the authorities said.

An oil boom is rethusing the capital, Georgetown, but many Gayaneses have been left out.

A new ferry from India was recently acquired to replace it, the authorities said, but officials were waiting for passengers to be completed to put it into service.

Outcasts' government has hit back aggressively at criticism of its handling the episode.

President Irfaan Ali, who handily won re-election last year to a new five-year

term, has made repeated trips to the area of the disaster to speak with family members who lost loved ones. He also vowed to investigate what caused the vessel to sink.

Senior officials have rejected claims that rescue efforts were too slow, or that negligence or corruption may have caused a risk in allowing the aging ferry to transport more passengers than it should have.

'This is not the picture of a government caught the hound,' the state-run Guyana's Somatic newspaper said, the editorial-recording people who posted images of those who died. 'This is a moment that demands unity, competence and restraint.'

Hill, the reactions to the tragedy are showcasing Gayanah's sharp political divisions.

Acredible Melisanel, the leader of Gayanah's opposition, mounted his own rescue efforts at the waters where the ferry capsized, and he shaved video on social media of bodies in the sea while

assuiling the government's response.

Few in Guyana now Mr. Melisanel's motivation as purely altruistic. The scum of one of Gayanah's wealthiest families, he was placed under sanctions in 2024 by the Colonel Guyan for gold smuggling and bribery schemes.

While Mr. Melisanel was scouring her survivors, the authorities executed a search of his home. It was connected to an investigation into the execution-style killing of a gold dealer in 2022 outside a popular Georgetown nightspot.

Some Gayaneses suggested that this could end up balancing Mr. Melisanel, 26 has denied involvement in the matter and cast the inquiry as he did with the U.S. sanctions, as a politically received hit job.

But the government did not stop there.

The authorities also arrested Shered Doonie, an opposition member of Parliament, after he traveled to the site of the disaster and launched a show to capture images of recovery vessels and the gathering of families nearby.

The government also organized an interfaith prayer service and evening along Georgetown's sea wall.

The energy engaged with state-of-the-art metal equipment, a master of commotion politics estimated these garbages in North Christian, Muslim and Hindu religious leaders recited prayers.

Federal dignitaries, engaged with the government sat solemnly under a tarpaulin, surrounded by security personnel. But the event had been on receipt of Gayanah's fractious politics. Near the tarpaulin, the country's people, and placards and the government solidly said the firing of the public works unsealed.

'That money is a good thing to say cannot read the route,' said Sherilaa Nager, 49, a presenter. 'We don't need them to hold tarpauli over the water, and the fire is no doing something. We need them to be accountable for their own negligence.'

Denis Chabrol contributed reporting.

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4 | FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2026

THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION

WORLD

The site of an airstrike in Iraq on Wednesday, Joint strikes that targeted Iraqi militias were retaliation for attacks on U.S. forces and Saudi Administrators, the U.S. military said.

Attack riles Iraqi militias

U.S.-Saudi strikes risk drawing Iran-backed groups further into war

BY ERIKA HULIMON ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR

For months, the government is frightened has caught in craft the Iran-backed Rakhine risk here. The operation of Iraq territory, struggling to meet the Trump administration's demands that it bring them under state control, shares them and cut off their backlog.

A wave of U.S.-Saudi airstrikes that targeted the military only Wednesday were riled upholding those efforts. The attacks, which failed at least 20 people, have provided a new coordination for Iran's allies in Iraq, is held on to their arms and claim that they are the forces best positioned to protect the country's sovereignty. And for Iran, the violence prevents a chance to encourage these allied militias to gain the regional war.

"The era of doubling Iraqi blood with impunity is over," Muhammad Talaimi, leader of the Iran-aligned militia al-Wasid al-Sadiq, said. "Our response will not be mere statements. It will be actions on the ground to enforce the injustice - a working for a bombing."

Iraqi political leaders on Wednesday questioned the violation of the sweeping attack, while it was carried out, they said, without overleaving with the frightened government. In a statement, Iraq's National Security Council owned in 63 to resin in the militia on its own. It condemned the violation by the United States and Saudi Arabia of Iraqi sovereignty and warned the airstrikes could make further chaos.

Since the U.S. invasion in 2003, Iraq has struggled to balance the interests of its superpowers ally, the United States, and those of neighboring Iran, the regional Shirin Muslim power. Iran happened militias from Iraq's Shirin majority that fought the U.S. occupation, and

the Iran-backed forces also helped draw Iraq into decades of sectarian bloodshed, which has only recently erased.

That balancing of Iran power increasingly brought in the past year, as the Trump administration has continued to pressure on Iraq to curb the Iran-aligned militias. The war launched by the United States and Israel on Iran is February quickly turned Iraq into one of the conflict's backgrounds.

The U.S. military's defense and strikes on Wednesday were retaliation for 72 hours of drone attacks on "U.S. forces and Saudi energy infrastructure" originating in Iraq.

So far, the source of these attacks remains unclear. No group has claimed an upswing of the Iran and Iran's militarization in Iraq have publicly said they were not behind them. The groups had previously been quick to take credit for

"The era of doubling Iraqi blood with impunity is over. Our response will not be mere statements."

attacks in the region, before the April cease-fire between Washington and Tehran that briefly passed the war, that since the reanalogies of hostilities, the militias have not claimed responsibility for attacks outside Iraq.

By contrast, the Muslim, Iran-backed militias who carried large parts of Yemen, have publicly declared a blockade of Saudi Arabia and repeatedly struck at Saudi oil centers. The Muslim have also taken responsibility for these attacks on Saudi energy installations, including on the day that Saudi Arabia caused Iraqi militias of striking them.

Sahidi al-Nassau, a spokesman for Iraq's army chief, said the U.S.-Saudi strikes had "short-lived investigations" for re-arguing the alleged targeting of Saudi Arabia.

He demanded evidence that the attacks on Saudi Arabia had come from

Iraq and said none had been provided yet.

The Iraqi militias had kept relatively quiet over the past month, despite the war re-arranging in the region, as Iraq's newly appeared prime minister, Ali Zaidi, sought to address the Trump administration's demands that the Iran-aligned groups be disarmed. In recent years, the groups appeared to operate more independently of Iran, steadily releasing wealth and power by forming political parties and obtaining lucrative Iraqi government posts and contracts.

But Ronald Mansour, an Iraq analyst at the London-based Chatham House, said Iran's powerful Islamic Revolutionary Church Corps has stepped up its involvement in the activities of Iraqi militias in recent months. The war with the United States, he said, has prompted Iran to exert more control over them.

Evidence of Iranian involvement has emerged in the aftermath of the latest airstrikes. Images released by Saheema News, an agency linked to Iraq's Kazakh Shubuhak militia, showed five million wrapped in Iranian flags during a funeral procession on Wednesday. One Iraqi militia commander privately said these state were Iranian military advisers killed at an intelligence headquarters for the 24th Brigade of the Popular Mobilization Forces, the network of militias under government control.

There had been growing popular pressure to Iraq for the militias to hard riles in disarm, but the strikes on Wednesday turned the tables on the government.

In joint public statements, the Iran-aligned militias delivered the government for demanding they disarm while failing to re-part to prevent violations of Iraqi sovereignty.

The groups gave the Iraqi government a "dualizer" of Tuesday to take the active action, warning that otherwise they would take matters into their own hands, without detailing what action they might take. "Our response to the American enemy is inevitable and will

come," the statement said, "and we may target to create in Saudi Arabia (the situation demands it)."

The Iraqi militia leaders said privately that the dualities was meant as a challenge. They knew Iraqi officials could not act forcefully against the United States or Saudi Arabia. By claiming to give Iraqi authorities a clear and respond first, the militias may not only be trying to justify future retaliation but also their refusal to disarm.

"If the government fails to fulfill its duty, the patriotic Iraqi people must be irated that the government's weapons be placed exclusively in the hands of the resistance," Abu Mahdi al-Jazairi, the spokesman for the Iran-allied militia Sutyun Arifiya al-Dam, said in a statement.

The Iraqi groups have varied agendas. Mr. Mansour, of Chatham House, said U.S. and Israeli efforts in recent years to kill many of the groups' leaders had made tracking their activities most difficult. "The Iraqi militia space has become incredibly fragmented, and that's certainly the case even more more this way," he said. "The more the U.S. attacks these groups, the more that fragments chains of command and coherent structures, leading to more vague groups and actions."

Iran has for decades relied on supporting a problem that of military groups. "But deliberately obscures who is pulling the trigger," said Razary Shar, the founder of Gergad Labs, who, while the East-based geopolitical risk advisers firm, "the country that may stand to lose the most from the confrontation in Saudi Arabia, he said.

"Saudi Arabia has obviously given Iran more room to escalate by proxy under the cover of defense while advancing its overall objective of disrupting global oil supplies," he said. "The Iran-backed groups as Iraq are clear that capable of wreaking havoc on Saudi energy infrastructure."

Ismaud Nasr contributed reporting

For military families, anxiety begins

As Iran war continues, some in U.S. struggle or feel hastened by old grief

BY BERNARD WOKAN ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR

A 4-year-old child began having behaved problems when his father left for war.

A wife whose husband works in U.S. Army intelligence is already dealing with heightened anxiety even though he hasn't been deprived for.

A woman found this year that she is struggling to cope with the move of canists at home and abroad, nearly 20 years after she lost her friend in combat.

More than 40 percent of U.S. military families have reported elevated stress from the war with Iran, driven by safety concerns, deployment changes, and the fear of escalation, according to a March poll of an estimated 200 families by Blue Star Families, one of the largest non-profit organizations supporting active military and veterans.

As the war with Iran persists, mental health counselors say they are attending to more military families who are reporting stress about a conflict that has taken the love of at least 10 service members and wounded hundreds more.

"We have tripled our caseload," said Hannah Wokan, the founder of the Red Alone Therapy, a tele therapy provider that caters to the military and their families. "Everybody is kind of an edge."

A Portugal spokesman declined a request seeking details about how the military helps the families of service members cope with the stresses of war. But military officials have said that there are a variety of counseling and support services available, including a 24/7 service called Military Confluence that provides free and confidential support.

In interview, military families said the war had triggered grief once thought to be heated. Some cope with feelings of guilt brought on by the conflict, a common question among military families, characters said. Others lamented the lack of transparency and communication that has left them not knowing when their spouse, child, brother or sister will come home.

"I don't know where he is," said Elisha Parents, a mother of four, whose husband declared as February 14 part of Operation Epic in 2025.

Mr. Parents' husband, who is in an ability not in the Native Corps, calls home about every three weeks, she said. He does not have access to his personal device and must use a satellite phone on base to make the call, often waiting in a line of function doing the same.

The communication lapses have ended her children who range in age from 11 months to 12 years old.

But Ms. Parents, 24, has developed strategies for her children to manage life disease. Her many skills and markers of her husband at home. Her children have watching videos of their father.

Still, Ms. Parents, who has been in therapy to help with her husband's deployments, said she had taught counseling for her four years old, who is currently on a road life. "I just know that it was time to maybe ask for some more help for him," she said.

Last month, Robert Smith, 25, started counseling on help cope with the stress caused by the war, when thought she had been a statewide. She had struggled to control her emotions recently — flowing up over small things, she said.

"It's better," she said, adding that the therapy had helped. But overall, she said, "You are better."

Her husband's an intelligence officer for the Army said supports the Middle East campaign from a base in the North-east. Since he started working around the clock, Ms. Smith began completing a transfer of a gap set, about 1,300 pieces, to take her service, she said.

"I know how hard my husband's working and the amount of stress he's under," said Ms. Smith, who used his maiden name because of her husband's work in intelligence. "So there's a level of guilt of just feeling like I'm not doing enough or not working as hard as he is." He said, "I think it's a communication about the Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors, a service that connects people who have lost loved ones in the military, entatred trauma therapy from a small age."

In 2007, her fiancé, Army Staff Sergeant Michael Bulbush, responded to a vehicle that had been struck by a roadside bomb in Iraq. As a media, Staff Sergeant Bulbush approached to offend. Learning his vehicle, he stepped on as U.S. and asked an Abolagone trained him to the nearest military hospital.

For almost two decades, Ms. Harper said, she has been dealing from the loss that has partly defaced her adult life. She wears the engagement ring. Staff Sergeant Bulbush gave her an early help hand. She has completed two full livestays in his home.

When she learns of military casualties, in combat or in training, Ms. Harper always finds a gang of grief knowing how difficult it may be for these families.

"I think she faces and read the names of people who served and died because I wanted someone to do that for Mike," she said.

Ms. Harper said she had returned to therapy to work with someone who understands "the layers of loss."

"It felt strange to go back and talk about some of this stuff," she said, adding that "the world seemed really overwhelming again."

Economics say they are attending to more military families who are reporting stress about a war that has killed at least 10 service members and wounded hundreds more.

Europe's summer of reckoning is 'just the beginning'

EUROPE, FROM PAGE 1

and closed the Eastern Museum and Eiffel Tower early. It brought wildfires to the Scottish Highlands. It had organizers in London to call off a conference out how to cope with extreme heat. And it caused at least 10,000 heat-related deaths across Europe in June alone — a number that may turn out to be an unbelievable.

"Europe is ground zero when it comes to impact," from climate change, said Johan Recknirich, a Swedish scientist who is the director of the Perislam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany.

"2024 is just the beginning," Professor Recknirich said. "It will inevitably go worse. It will get worse and worse and worse in the past—hmm. I'm afraid, we'll be passing the limits of adaptation."

Europe's net alone, of course. Heat waves gripped Australia and Japan this year. Fourth devastated Kenya and Angola, the southern peripheral the Eurasian United States, developing countries in the Southern Hemisphere, will still more vulnerable than wealthy Europe to the effects of a changing climate.

"We see there common but warmed as rapidly as Europe, as nearly twice the global average since the mid-1990s. That has forced Europeans to confront, more starchy than others, the hard to see

Smoke rising last week from wildfires in La Pange, southwestern France. Extreme weather caused at least 10,000 heat-related deaths across Europe in June alone.

alities of a changed climate, particularly in the summer, when their once-mid days have given way to favourable heat.

Though still cooler than other parts of the world, the the American Southwest or the Persian Gulf region, Europe is less able to cope because its buildings

are often without air-conditioning and were built to retain heat. The homogeneity of the trees on its hillsides and coastal plains, many of which were planted during cooler, wetter periods, make them dangerously flammable during the season.

"With this heat wave and these fires,

you can say it starts to become unbearable," said Iwata Senerirama, a Swiss climate scientist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich.

Whether it leads to drastic new measures — either to mitigate the effects of a warmer climate or to adapt to them — is another question.

In Spain, Prime Minister Pedro Pineda, declared a "climate emergency," which he said would necessitate a clean part to "attack the rest of the

"Europe is ground zero when it comes to impacts."

problem in a structural way" in France, President Emmanuel Macron vowed to replace the vast pipe forests that were burned in the Czechoslovak region with different types of trees that are better suited to it in the last climate.

"The situation we're in today is the most difficult we've ever recorded, the most difficult since World War II," Mr. Macron said.

Yet for all the urgency, Europe's commitment to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the largest scientists say to the early conclusion way to curb climate change — is in danger of being watered down. This month, the European Union prepared to adjust rules on that season.

dustries could pollute at slightly higher levels, further than the future.

"Net over policies, which aim to balance the greenhouse gases just into the atmosphere with the unusual removed, have become inviting targets for critics, particularly on the right, who condemns them as a luxury Europe can't afford. And so cannot what Europe does, the global economy requires, will take place the United States, where President Trump has called climate change a 'vary job,' as well as on energy-burgery developing countries.

"The situation in the Eastern morning continues as a consequence of both changing weather patterns and its gains, early to the 2030s, where emissions have and let lead to more dark surfaces that absorb heat.

The content is more than 10 degrees Celsius, or 10 degrees Fahrenheit, we can make it as their decision age, and the rise in temperature is swift enough to be noticeable over a single greenhouse of 400 and 4,700 week, hence had recorded 10 heat waves since 2021. At 4 times occurred in the last 10 years.

Bordeaux never experienced a day with temperatures at an above 20 degrees Celsius (2022 degrees Fahrenheit) between 2021 and 2030, according to Météo-France, the national climate and weather service. This summer, it

has happened eight times, including on Wednesday and the season it not even half over. Bordeaux's winemakers, already beleaguered by the heat, saw worry about smoke tainting their Science vineyards.

Frederick Olin, a German climatologist at Imperial College London, said "an annual" wind patterns and high temperatures in the world have been today's "strainish summer weather" in Europe. Now, she said, these same dynamics produce excruciating conditions because they exist in London with a warmer climate.

The most frightening aspect of Europe's summer, scientists say, is that it could not be more of a moment. The planet is already on course to breach the central goal of the Paris Agreement of 2015: to stop the planet from beating more than two degrees Celsius, or 10 degrees Fahrenheit, higher than preindustrial levels.

For from moderating, some experts say the pace of warming appears to be contrasting. Research workers and others say the pace of warming are in this respect, saying that by 2050, heat waves could be five times more frequent, while temperatures could hit 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

Giulia Imbari contributed reporting from Paris.

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THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION

FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2026 | 5

WORLD

Republicans slow to spend on a key Senate race

Party's biggest super PACs are holding out, waiting for the other to blink first

BY THEODORE SCHLEIFER

In one of this year's most competitive Senate races, Republicans are refusing to spend money — so far.

That peculiar dynamic is playing out in Texas, where the fate of the Republican nominee, Ken Pastan, will help decide which party controls the U.S. Senate. But Mr. Pastan has struggled to raise cash, and as one has staged for yet to help him.

Mr. Pastan feels himself in a unique situation among Senate candidates, according to interview with a dozen Republicans with him to this campaign. Republican donors still hold grudges from a bruising primary. The man, with its 10-plus television markers, is an especially expensive setting. And his Democratic opponent, James Talarios, has proved to be a particularly strong fund-raiser.

Perhaps the most striking piece of Mr. Pastan's money went to the high-stakes game of chicken that two of the Republican Party's biggest money committees, along with their allied donors, are playing.

Both of these groups, the Senate Leadership Fund and MAGA Inc., are not as severely hoping that the other one swoops in to boost Mr. Pastan with tens of millions in spending, the Republicans said. Neither group has reached for its water yet.

"Societically it going to have to spend big money," said Dan Eberhart, an extra-creative who is raising contributions for Mr. Pastan. "We'll not who think!"

In the primary, Mr. Pastan delivered Senator John Corry's, a favorite of many of the country's and state's largest donors. The Republican nominee still lacks enthusiasm from these contributors, who financed ads in the primary repeatedly calling him a criminal and a womanian. Their opinions largely haven't changed, especially with the continuing drumbeat of revelations of Mr. Pastan's world travels with his girlfriend, the Republicans said.

Mr. Pastan is not getting help from Washington, other than local Republican groups are stared to spend tens of millions of dollars this summer and fall in every other top-tier Senate race, including in some states that prominent headquarters think are not as competitive as Texas. They even plan to spend more in noncompetitive Kansas. In most states, Republicans are expected to not spend Democrats — he instance in Ohio, where the Republican commitment made over $500 million.

A Pastan advises Regional concerns about his campaign's financial strain.

"The trajectory is unmistakable: Support is accelerating, not softening. Everyone from grass-roots: Texans to large conservative donors are consolidating behind this campaign, and how was the chasers' signal yet," said Nick Maddox, the adviser, saying what he said was $7 million raised and month across Pastan committees.

There's also the fact that Democratic Senate candidates in the state have not won despite our existing or not-spending

Above, Ken Pastan, attorney general of Texas, is the Republican nominee for Senate there but has struggled to raise money to fund his campaign. His Democratic opponent, James Talarios, right, has proved to be a particularly strong fund-raiser.

Republicans in the last few cycles. Republicans say that Texas requires around $13 million a week in super PAC advertising to mount a comprehensive paid-media campaign, making Texas more a drain on resources than cheaper states that could also decide the majority.

The amount of Republican spending

planned in Texas from now through Election Day, according to AdImpost, a media tracking firm: 86.

So who should pick up the Texas-ish? First, there's the Senate Leadership Fund, the super PAC run by allow of John Thune, the Senate majority leader. It backed Mr. Corry's in the primary and has hardly embraced Mr. Pastan.

During a June trip to Washington, Mr. Pastan met with officials of the super PAC at its headquarters and told them that he hoped the race wouldn't be so much in certain Library speed, too people with knowledge of the meeting said. The Senate Leadership Fund is leading polling and candidate research in the race and has told donors it is mois-

soring the state. Even so, the super PAC remain nearly left out Texas when unveiling a $162 million plan to eight other states. Allow said that the Senate Leadership Fund didn't have millions lying around to invest in another race, especially given the year's volatile map, including fresh uncertainty over the Hispanic Senate race.

Waiting across the table is MAGA Inc., a super PAC rax by top advisers to President Trump with an extraordinary $400 million cash reserve. His endorsement of Mr. Pastan the week before the May 30 election was in the office of New York City. Some Republican donors close to the Senate Leadership Fund say that MAGA Inc., which has yet to reveal how much it will spend on the midtown, would reconsider he on the bank for whatever bill is due to Texas.

MAGA Inc. officials say there is no interest in the state's leadership fund, claiming they are simply being discover with their spending plans, which they said last month would be "very soon" and "substantial." Don LaCivita and

Ken Pastan's critics called him a criminal and a womanizer.

James Blair, two of MAGA Inc.'s top officials, have spoken to recent weeks about Texas with Alex Larchuck, who heads the Senate Leadership Fund, according to two people with knowledge of the conversations.

"I think he'll be," should help him, and "can't imagine they wouldn't," said Doug Denson, whose family has donated $103,000 to Pastan committees this year, of Mr. Trump. "He endorsed him. He wants to keep the Senate. And also really we don't want a Democrat to win a statewide race in Texas."

That Democrat, Mr. Talarios, removed by holding about nine times as much cash in his principal campaign account that Mr. Pastan does in his, three lives, Mr. Talarios has been up on television, using about $12 million in ads to introduce himself to voters. He is also raising money aggressively, including a high-dollar event near Chicago last Saturday and others in Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket this weekend, according to some sources of the Times.

To some extent, national Democrats are experiencing the same paralysis as

Republicans. The Senate Majority PAC, controlled by Senate Democrats, unveiled new spending last week but has not received any ad time in Texas.

Still, Mr. Talario's even ability to raise enormous amounts of money himself makes him less dependent on Washington than Mr. Pastan in a Pax, last month, a dedicated pro-Talarios super PAC received $10 million from the tech investor Reid Hoffman.

And in private conversations with donors, Senate Majority PAC officials have outlined various potential spending plans for Texas and the trade-offs these might require across the Senate map, giving Democrats the impression that the PAC is preparing to spend in Texas at some point, according to two people behind on the conversations.

All of this makes fund-raising an urgent priority this summer for Mr. Pastan. So, his relationships with donors in the state remain frosty. Diabetes include moderate-like the Republican megaphone Ken Griffin, who is said to have no plans to help Mr. Pastan, and longtime right-wing Sackers like the oil industry's Wilks brothers and Tim Dunn.

Mr. Pastan has made individual calls to some Corry's aligned group seeking six-figure checks, a person with honest edge said. But some Corry's donors have the latest move to return calls from the Pastan camp, multiple Republicans said.

Mr. Pastan was scheduled to host a fund-raising dinner this week in Aspen, Colo., according to an invitation viewed by The Times, and one in Jackson Bldg. Wyo., later this summer. Senator Ted Cruz formed a joint fund-raising committee with him this month to coordinate fund-raising events, such as a recent one as a host in Houston around the Tilman Fortitis, the owner of the N.R.A. Markets.

Late week in Washington on Capitol Hill, Mr. Thune more fully embraced Mr. Pastan than previously, throwing him a fund-raiser at the Safari Club International and pledging he would not abandon Texas, according to an attendee. Another Republican senator, Bill Hagerty of Tennessee, predicted that notable groups would in August spend big for Mr. Pastan, the didn't specify which.

Lauren McGaugly contributed reporting.

Parties, prizes and a pandemic in a doctor's leaked diary

Covid-era entries reveal Faux's thoughts as he became a global celebrity

BY SHANE WICKERSON

The New England Journal of Medicine this was not.

When Dr. Anthony S. Faux's pandemic diary was made public over the weekend by his Republican assessors, it provided a case, indifferent look at the private thoughts of one other man, a glaring public officials in America as he led the nation through crisis. A typical entry is one dated May 31, 2025. It begins by noting the global death toll from the Covid-19 pandemic (224,200) and continues, types intact, this way.

"Big front page article about me appeared in the Washington Post. Very flattering. The situation with my national and international fame is explosive and really unimaginable. It is not hypershot to say that today I am the most famous and talked about person in the country and one of the most recognizable pieces in the world!"

How Faux's HIV paper long and during from 2005 to 2025, Dr. Faux's diary reads like a black comedy of women in which a 70-year-old social-climbing scientist became the face of the growth. Within exposure to a patient's death, the case of the town, in the death toll rises, across than the doctor's status and self-regard. He falls in with a hair crowd and becomes consumed by his own energy.

It's like 'Thankery's' Voisty Fair around with The Pogues by Camus.

One entry after entry, the disorder has glittering years on the Washington party one of the most homegame and a lax-blower in his humor and jerk-molded for selfies at money status like Cub Mi-berd, who has been a member of the Juba Roberts words themes, Billy Crystal, Ethan John, Brad Pitt and Robert De-Niro are mentioned.

Back then — has it really been six

Dr. Anthony S. Faux, the former top U.S. health official, testifying before the Senate Homeland Security Committee on Wednesday.

years? — Dr. Faux became an overnight celebrity when the pandemic struck and the nation looked to someone who could provide answers. It was a terrifying time and in this more credentialed doctor, who had served many presidents and valiantly backed the AIDS crisis, into at Americans found a hit in President Trump, who was at the time suggesting people play around with friends. The doctor worked around the clock, appearing anywhere he could to spread the message about slowing the spread and getting the shot.

But there were other Americans who became disillusioned with Dr. Faux's, his methods, his advice and his media obly

sity. To anyone who blamed him for school chasers, lockdowns, routine mandates they disagreed with and more, the diary entries have come as vindicates of the suspicions they held about the character of this man they look. He was having fun.

Robert F. Kennedy, who was at Dr. Faux's primary antagonist, it was also Mr. Kennedy took over at the department of Health and Human Services that Dr. Faux's diary was discovered on government servers. The health secretary promptly handed it over to another Faux's he, Senator Rand Paul, Republicans of Kentucky, who made it public over the weekend.

On Wednesday, Dr. Faux was called to testify on Capitol Hill before the Senate Homeland Security Committee, which Mr. Paul chairs. Throughout, he declared to answer questions, asking if the start of the hearing that since Mr. Paul had made it clear that he wanted to test Dr. Faux's's job, his lawyers had advised him to invoke the Fifth Amendment against self-motivization.

Through a representative, Dr. Faux's declared to comment for this article.

Who coming to would not be sure then to have their diary changed once the statement? The answer Dr. Faux's asked down during those years were never meant to become public. And many of

the entries are scientific in nature, and do concern his fight against the virus. Still, what a fascinating look inside the Washington whistling they make.

Thechecks on — the people who invited Dr. Faux to their parties and put him to their newspaper columns and on their television programs — have been picking through the appropriateness pages to the diary this week, inevitably amount to use that the good doctor turned out to be such a party boy.

"I went to a book party last night for Jonathan Earth now book about Trump?" said Dr. Faux. "I was a good man, made the entry on Nov. 17, 2025. "I was totally prompted all night by people wanting to say hello, shaky my hands, and take pic-

Dr. Faux's newfound fame put him into the orbit of movie stars and musicians including Julia Roberts and Barbara Streisand.

tures with me. I could not get away from a Although we people may think that this is great to have people treat you like Erica Proche, but it was really very untimely."

"Chris and I went to a book party for the South Bank Market (Washington Post columnist)" at the home of David Bradley, former owner of The Atlantic, whose delivery story "Hopes a bit as party: Senator Mark Warren, Bollystone Carnegie, Andrew Mitchell, David Ignition, David From, Zeke Emament, etc., etc."

After being honored at a gala at the National Portrait Gallery ("I was the highest level of A.A.A.'s) you could imagine in Washington D.C., he was the about bringing out with Vance and Steven Williams, Don Taurin and the celebrity chef Jean Austen. "We were invited to go across the street by from to his restime and activity for after hours champagne."

Several entries concern an apparently overwhelming number of awards with what his race هستند.

"I have received a lot of honors over the last year and a half from a number of prestigious organizations," he wrote on a different day. "Unfortunately there are no many of these that it is very difficult to fully appreciate them as they all intend to gift up in a very intense conference."

Another day, he wrote about receiving the "Leonardo De Vinci Award" from the National Italian American Foundation: "There was a wonderful series of testimonials to me from an amazing group of people: Robert DeNiro, Al Pacino, Ledoardo Di Caprio, Francis Pano Cappella."

Dr. Faux's newfound fame put him into the orbit of movie stars and musicians including Julia Roberts and Barbara Streisand.

"I had a great call with Barbara Streisand," began an entry beneath a line graph of confirmed Covid cases in the U.S. "I accidentally had called her later in the evening and she said that she was going to call me anyway since she wanted to know if there was any difference between the Maldives and the Prince of Wales. I told her some."

"Barbra Called me on my cell phone today and they asked me questions about the human race," another entry reads. "It is always good to hear from her."

On May 31, 2026, Dr. Faux's wrote: "We believe video of Billy Crystal playing me in a "witty-frequent prison," with a link to this video."

Revening over it all was the pandemic that would have more than a million Americans dead.

"We supposed to go to an even bigger black he affair at the home of the French ambassador tomorrow," Dr. Faux's wrote at November 29-27. "I think I am going to cancel out since I don't want to go through the nerve-wracking experience that I did last night worrying about having gotten informed."

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6 | FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2026

THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION

WORLD

Tours must go on at arts hub gutted by Trump

WASHINGTON

Volunteers show visitors around the idle shell of the Kennedy Center

BY ELIZABETH WILLIAMSON

Some days no one turns up for a tour at all. Most days there are only a few, including those curious about all the experts at rate. When people do come, what do they see?

In the Opera House, which no longer has an opera, there is no empty orchestra pit scattered with music. On the grand entrance overlooking the chasum River, the flower beds are wiking and woody, both moor-sitters and lounges, artwork has disappeared.

And yet Sandy Weinwasser, a retired sixth-grade teacher who for 10 years has given hundreds of people few tours of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, keeps reporting for duty. In a dogged demonstration of love and loyalty for an institution that has elevated life for her and millions of visitors, she will serious every Monday for her tour day, knowing she may soon find the doors locked.

"This place must not be really thriving and busy and crowded," Ms. Weinwasser, 97, said. "Now it's a black hole."

No one yet knows whether President Trump, who is the second term gutted by Center for the Performing Arts, is the programming and whose handpicked board had his name drilled into the building front, will close the Kennedy Center in the coming weeks, as part of what he says is a two-year restoration plan. The center's board is expected to make a final determination in August. But at this point it scarcely matters, Ms. Weinwasser said.

Last month the National Symphony Orchestra played its local Kennedy concert for the season, amount of when at 8 it will remain. Marquess bookings and artists have fled. Everywhere in the heavy, closed-curtain silence of an institution that has lost some 90 percent of its employees and 100 percent of its paying guidance.

Ms. Weinwasser keeps coming to give tours, she said, to hear witness, is will her devastating venture that the shadey emptiness they see is not what the Kennedy Center was. For more than half a century it was a grand democratic project, she tells them, bringing the beauty and inspiration of the arts to everyone.

Ms. Weinwasser offers herself as good its mission did not fail. She is a daughter of Polish newspapers whose grandmother was born in World War II and presented by the family to have died in a Nazi concentration camp. She grew up in Detroit taking piano lessons and listening to classical music on AM radio with her mother, and said she had seen more live performances at the Kennedy Center than anywhere else.

He is thanked by two doctors. He is a good source for the number of people who hear too. Every person is valuable.

Once she was aiming 160 volunteer guides who gave tours to 50 languages to up to 600,000 people a year. Last week on her Monday shift, only five out of more than a dozen new guides showed up. Her first trip was about a year. A spokesman for the center declined to say how many guides will volunteer Ms. Weinwasser said her plan is to turn up until she is told otherwise.

He is thanked by two doctors. Her grandson's visit to a musical "petting me" that let children try all the instruments in a symphony. Telling a group of city Chinese 12-year-old空巷 "it's never too late to be sure an institution!" Watching her granddaughters dance in a Washington Ballet performance "taking the stage" for American in Paris" and "The Lion King."

"I tried to take it to me so happy to have

In his second term, President Trump has had his name added to the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, marked its leadership with loyalty and people in programming. Sandy Weinwasser, above, has been giving few tours of the center for 18 years. "This place must not be really thriving and busy and crowded," she said. Clockwork lines top right. President John F. Kennedy at a fund-raiser for the center that would have been his name; members of the Kennedy family at the center's gala opening in 1973, a performance in June as audiences dreaded, and outfinding that was created to remove Ms. Trump's name after a court order in June.

brought them," Ms. Weinwasser said. On a recent Monday she was at the tour guide information she is the center's lower level, waiting with three other tour guides, all women, for something to do.

Ms. Weinwasser jumped at the chance to show all the stories, even in its current state. I—her how visitor that day—hit-loved her into the hallowed and building.

"MEMORIALS ARE TO READ PEOPLE"

She began in the Hall of Nations, a re-corporated story hall borrowed with flags from around the world. Energetic and assertive, with a near common smile, Ms. Weinwasser won her tour guide credentials on a University of Michigan lamp and Don Abou state it that was hung with a pair of silver opera glasses, a girl from a granddaughter.

The center's story, she said, began with President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who in 1958 signed legislation to establish a performing arts center in Wash-

ington. President John F. Kennedy championed the cause, and after his assassination Congress passed a regular, sacristal dedicating the institution to him. "That's how it got its name," Ms. Weinwasser said, adding, pointedly, "This is a memorial. Memorials are to dead people." She did not mention Ms. Trump, whose heard members in December had his name added to the front of the building to make it the "Donald J. Trump and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts." It was removed under court order last month.

As the building took shape in the 1960s, she said, more than 50 nations contributed furnishings and art. Half a girl was the largest. 52/50 tons of Corvans marble that sheafs the center's façade and interior walls, from the same region at the marble for Michelangelo's David.

Ms. Weinwasser moved to Washington in 1966, three years after Kennedy's death, when her husband — they have since divorced — took a job as a law

clerk. For years, the family of four had little money for movie tickets, let alone symptoms were. But Ms. Weinwasser still plays the piano and is skilled in photography, as when she retired two decades ago, she was eager to volunteer at the arts institution. In those busy early years, "it received my heart seeing all the yellow school buses lined up, knowing that they were having this special experience at the Kennedy Center," she said.

More than 60 nations contributed furnishings and art to the center when it was being constructed in the 1960s.

Now there is frustration. From the Hall of Nations she led the way to the Grand Puyers. The inner once-fashioned audiences to the center's three-largest performance spaces — the main Concert Hall, the Opera House and

the Eisenhower Theater — now all idle. As either end are the Millennium Stages, she still offer the audiences for their free live performances dreaded to a few dozen. The remaining bookings have moved to The Roads, a newer space next door.

The Center for the Performing Arts, a 1968-1970 year management supplied them with a list of upcoming repairs and training and there is a real them. The Center for the Performing Arts, "replacing современной expansion plans," headwashing staging, stage drawing, and training, consists of the Opera House," and "replacing decades-old theater waiting and trapping."

The volunteers and the mention what employees called "Flying Fridays," when waves of their own dismissal, and given 20 minutes to leave, escorted by security. Or when Richard Gorseth, who served one tumultuous year as Mr. Trump's girl, is found the center, called an staff and attached performance action. Or when the elegant dinner gala honoring the volunteers for extensive years of service was replaced last month with a two-hour reception at which they entered someone twelve-squares and didn't work.

Ms. Weinwasser led the way to the Center. Shift—male entrance, past a host of the Hungarian composer and pianist Béla Bartok — a gift from the Academy of Hungarian Scientists, Writters and Artists in U.S.A. and Ahmad—that was damaged. A check of more the size of a silver dollar, shipped from Bartok's junior front, lay at its base.

Inside, Ms. Weinwasser painted out the crystal chandelier's a gift from Norway's and the region, whose 3,600 pipes range from 32 feet (almost 10 meters) to the length of a pencil. "The National Symphony Orchestra plays here from September through June," she said, then passed.

"Plays, or played? When I give my tour's note, do I give present some or past tenax?" The architects's future has been in limbo for months, because Mr. Trump has not approved its budget request. At the symphony's last performance of the season on June 15, the concert hall was ahead with empty seats.

A PAUSE AT THE OPERA HOUSE

A short walk away was the silent Opera House, where the renowned architects pit yawned open, empty hut for the trash and an upended couple of music stands. In January, the Washington National Opera around its 15-year residency at the Kennedy Center after clashes with the center's new leadership, and now performs elsewhere.

Ms. Weinwasser recalled a magical day around years ago, when she led 20 000 graders to the Opera House. The head stage manager happened to be there. He invited the whole group backstage to a space in supply. It has a basketball hoop and hall court, shot a couple of baskets and stared and dropped the curtain for them.

"To stand on the stage of the Opera House and see the stage?" Ms. Weinwasser said. "They were really memorable, these memories."

She loved chance encounters with the people who made the center what it was. She once met the renowned interview, piano, banin Bartok as a reception. A few years ago she rode the elevator with David Rubenstein, a billionaire philanthropist who was then the chairman of the center and handwilling to revolutionize a community hub.

Ms. Weinwasser grew it him. "He had this sort of deadpanches," she recalled in a conversation after the tour. "So I said, 'You do a lot for Washington. I think we should change the name of the city to Rubenstein, D.C.'" She said that Ms. Rubenstein, still deadpan, replied, "I don't think so." Last year, Mr. Trump gutted the Kennedy Center's board, reaching it with loyalty. They voted to replace Mr. Rubenstein as chairman with Mr. Trump and add the president's name to the façade. When Mr. Rubenstein left, he took his money with him.

Ms. Weinwasser said she tries not to say anything partisan about the Kennedy Center's177gids. For her, the institution remains bigger than that, a symbol of government's power to deliver opportunity and inspiration.

"I remember being a young girl and thinking, 'Do so lucky I was born in America,' she said on a recent day. 'I still feel that way. But I don't have quite the pride that I need to have.'"

Democratic voters keep defying the party establishment

BY KATIE GLODER

Democratic voters are sharply divided over the party's best path forward, but many more to share at least one sentiment: leading frustration with the party's leadership.

"The latest example came last week, from Dr. Annik Shah, a moderate Democrat, was a House primary in a building-owned district in Arizona. He provided over a different moderate Democrat who was heavily backed by the House Democratic campaign arm.

"As you can clearly see, I wasn't exactly my party's pick." Dr. Shah wryly told reporters. "I was willing to stand up to that establishment, and that's what the voters of this district want."

His victory was the third primary—debut since June 30—the party's House candidate arm, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, which has intensified its intervention in high-priced national House primaries. And it fondly, illustrated the latest—and he has been a good start, a new party to work influence at a moment of force and—establishment sentiment.

The campaign was a "full-flatter and California, the campaign committee backed central candidates whose allies saw them as stronger committee to the general election. In Arizona, the labeling

and differences between the candidates seemed less clear.

But the outcomes for the committee's preferred candidates were ultimately the same.

"Part of the anger that the grass roots has against the Democratic Party in, they think it's too much of a shape, too much of a model by a party's leader, and insiders," said Representative Bo Khurma, a California Democrat who has endowed several left-leaning candidates in contentment primaries. "If we want to comment and build out in into the grass roots, we need to be clear that the party is neutral."

The price the House Democratic campaign arm this year, its teachers say, is not to be neutral. It is to require control of the House of Representatives.

The Precinct, a former executive director of the D.C.C.C., said that this was hardly the first time the campaign committee had intervened in high-value primaries, or ruffled teachers in doing so.

"It's one of the hardest things you have to do, but they have to make these calls," he said.

Courtesy here, a spokeswoman for the committee, said that decisions to add candidates in competitive primaries to its battlefield program, known as Red to Blue, were made in consultation

Dr. Annik Shah, a Democratic candidate for the House in Arizona, was a primary last week against an opponent who was backed by the House Democratic campaign arm.

with Democratic officials and local leaders who know the district best.

"Given Democrats' big cost, there is an always consensus, but the decisions are never made in a vacuum," Ms. Abu said. "Strong members allow us to spread our resources to more races, expand the battlefield, and deliver Democ-

crats the biggest majority possible." Ms. Abu noted that, of the 10 contested Democratic primaries the committee had weighed in on this year, seven of six preferred candidates had won. She painted in the party's support for Bob Brooks, the Democratic nominee in a highly competitive Pennsylvania

House district, who attracted support from a broad cross-section of Democrats' leaders, had she noted its successful intervention for Johnny Garcia, a sheriff's deputy running in Texas against a progressive activist who called for the improvement of 'Dentists.'

A statement from the Ready Villages campaign — which provided in California over the D.C.C.C.'s preferred candidate — also highlighted collaborators with the committee's force for primaries.

In Maine's Second Congressional District, State Senator John D. Snyder, who did have the support of the D.C.C.C. — was ahead in the initial count of Strayjans votes but ultimately lost under the state's ranked-choice voting system.

In an interview, he said the D.C.C.C. backing had been helpful and noted that he was on the only candidate receiving the D.C.C.C.'s vote. "I'm not sure. For instance, Mr. Khurma and some national progressive groups had supported Mail Duelap, the Maine state office, who ultimately won the primary title.

"I know there was criticism after that because I was getting help from the national party," Mr. Baldwin said. "I was kind of with true me with that when they were all doing the same thing."

There are more tests for the party establishment to come.

Some Democrats are furious with the Senate Democratic campaign arm's intervention in primaries. Its favored candidate in Maine, Gov. Janet Mills, 76, was rejected by voters in favor of the political convention Graham Plumey, 61, the dropped-out trio month after a rope allegation, which he deems.

The most major test of establishment power comes in Michigan on Aug. 4. There, the well-heated Representatives of Denver has the backing of Senator Chuck Khurma, the concert's leader, (who Senate primary) over Dr. Abdul Ebi Sayed, a progressive.

While the backlash against the party leadership has swungly especially pronounced on the left, Representative Mark Pease, a Wisconsin Democrat and a former chair of the Congressional Progressive Council, mandated unguided by the state colleagues in an interview on Thursday.

Of the D.C.C.C.'s primary intervention, he said, "Many of us would prefer they not because we think it's better to be people in individual states under these decisions."

But he said he thought the committee was largely, and appropriately, focused on general election.

"I'm going to know on the 90's percent of what's going to get so a majority," he said.

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THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION

FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2026 | 7

Business

In A.I. era, their workers are in demand

WARREN, MICH.

The sector's future hinges on more skilled humans doing very physical jobs

BY LYDIA DEPOLIS

As an electrician is running in Detroit, Tyler Shelton spends most of his days popping down numbers to its caliber and other electrical gear. But lately, his company has sent many of its workers to a spending data center that just heats greater about an hour away.

"Everybody wants that money," Mr. Shelton, 28, said during lunch break at his apprenticeship's twice-a-month classroom day. "We have work to do, but we're also losing a good chunk of manpower to these data centers."

Bore, he could join them: OpenAI's project in Dallas Township is the biggest single investment in Michigan's history; according to the state, majoring hundreds of electricians working 30-hour days, seven days a week. Despite the overtime tensions, Mr. Shelton has mixed feelings.

"I'd like to have a house in the next year or so," he said. "So it's like, I understand the draw, but I also like to have a life-situable work."

The data center boom is an everybody's mind at the Detroit Electrical Industry Training Center, where about 650 apprentices must between long days on the job. The megapoppers are pulling skilled trade workers into remote locations with some of the highest pay and because that the industry has ever seen.

The next generation of electricians is also top of mind for the artificial intelligence companies spending hundreds of millions of dollars to ensure they have enough people to build and run their data centers.

That commitment includes this training facility, which is one of 276 supported by a partnership between the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and contractors, its part of a 850-million program from Google. The group plans to boost annual apprenticeship enrollment to 30,000 from 35,500 for the next three years in locations selected by Google. Another grant from BlackRock, the asset manager, would within training pipelines for its data centers in Texas, part of a $100-million effort to expand the skilled trades.

Tom Williams was hired to manage the grants, which are the alliance's first from the private sector. She hopes the money strengthens the work force enough to meet demand from data centers within the marketing other clients, like Mr. Shelton's employer.

"We want to bring in enough to fulfill the need for the data centers, while maintaining our core work in each of these heads," she said.

HUMAN-RUST

There is no parallel in American history for the home underway in the construction of data centers, but why companies with functionally unlimited cash that are racing to supply skyrocketing data centers like A.I. models.

The explosion has often flagging activity in other sectors, like office construction, which never recovered after the pandemic. Housing has been depended by high interest rates, and all share wind987 by political opposition, 1682, competition. He takes — never mind land and materials — in starting to

Auto Insurance working last week in the data center training lab at the Detroit Electrical Industry Training Center in Warren, Mich., where about 100 apprentices take classes. Below left, Dytas Drouillard, left, and Daniel Curran working with vehicles. Below right, Starr Robertson, second from right in the second row, is in her second year of training.

weigh an other parts of the industry. "There's no question the resources are very limited, so decisions to build one thing kind of drug from another," said Marie Jacobsen, who runs the construction and infrastructure advisory practice at Global Economics.

Developers are paying a premium for workers' capability to the rapid areas where they are building data centers. According to an analysis by federal, the job listings website, hourly installation and maintenance jobs at data centers pay 65 percent more than similar jobs in other fields.

Before that inflated pay is a bidding war. In markets with a lot of data center construction, like Dallas and Northern Virginia, workers can jump chip for because of higher per diem rates. The

competition has driven contractors to staffing services like Aerobit.

"It is creating a time tension that is really deficient," said Marty Schapke. Aerobit's director of data center market development. "You've got a passive job-aerber community out there right now that I think is looking to potentially captain opportunity with this secure or generation data center gold rush."

There is some precedent for tech companies to teach people to maintain their facilities. Microsoft started programs for data center to function in 2016, and now operates 29 locations around the world that have trained 15,000 people.

But the A.I. era has driven tech companies much further into the construction business. They're working with community colleges and unions to de-

sign classes that can get people on site as quickly as possible, even if they keep learning on the job.

In one of the largest efforts, Meta, the social media giant, has allocated $115 million for the first year of what it says will be a multiyear commitment to train construction workers, starting with about 1,000 participants. They will complete a four-week training course, with travel and lodging paid for, then work on a site with one of Meta's contractors.

The program is run partly by Associated Builders and Contractors, a non union trade association. It's putting together a curriculum of basic construction skills tailored to data centers, hoping to keep projects on time and on budget.

"The initial goal is, 'Hey, let's get an

many of these folks on the Meta sites as possible, keep them in the family,'" said Joel Thaxter, the association's vice president for work force development. "If someone knows and goes to another sector or goes to a contractor that's not working on a Meta site, we all kind of agree that that's OK."

From McGarvey in the president of North America's Building Trades Unions, an alliance that represents these million workers, its affiliates open about $12-billion annually an apprenticeship program and other continuing education, paid for by employers and union members. Mr. McGarvey said he is very small to be an easy people as the A.I. grants needed, as long as they made an early commitment to hiring union workers.

OpenAI did that in March, promising to work with unions to staff its projects. Mr. McGarvey called Meta's effort "a brilliant public relations move," arguing that a month of training there's resources up to a four-year apprenticeship that teaches a wide range of skills.

AN EYE ON THE FUTURE

As the public grows very of A.I.'s potential impact on white-collar jobs and the side-effects of data centers on local communities — dramatized this week by a protest at President Trump's appearance outside Detroit — typically commitments to the skilled trades serve more than one program.

Meta Maintained Fraudulent and Instagram with advertisements for "America's Workforce Academy," it is also working with the National Urban League and the U.S. Hispanic Chamber of Commerce to spread the word.

Ranieri-Corcoro, the chamber's president, wants A.I. companies to hire more Hispanic contractors. Creating better relationships with local businesses, he said, could help smooth Meta's path in skeptical locales.

"We're hearing from our own communities and small businesses that really feel like there's a discontent," Mr. Corcoro said. "Our role in supporting these companies is better than not having a role at all."

Working with building trades unions also brings political backing, Anthony Abrarino, assistant executive secretary-treasurer for the Eastern Atlantic States Regional Council of Corporate, says local unions typically endorse a project if they're not to work on it. If not, they'll sit out the debate. Like the alltimes wind industry, which has reflected in the face of intense opposition, data center developers need all the local credibility they can get.

"These industries call a really bad job of stopping the thieves and educating communities," Mr. Abrarino said.

Construction workers often have mixed feelings about data centers, too.

Starr Robertson is her second year of the electrician union's apprenticeship training. She loves troubleshooting problems, and just started on General Motors' major retrofit of its plant in Lake Orion. But she compares working on a data center to helping build a weapon factory.

"I don't believe any type of money is worth sacrificing any resources that's beneficial to communities," said Ms. Iscarian, 22. "However long it does, is it really worth it in the end?"

The question seems over the apprentices who will become journeymen as the build-out reaches fever pitch.

"The best-case scenario would be you train all these skilled workers up and right when the data centers start to become less popular is well here a housing boom," said Jeff Strick, director of Georgetown University's Center on Education and the Workforce in Washington. "That's probably not likely."

Am Merchandise already switched careers, leaving early childhood education because of its bureaucracy and understanding. He worries that an exodus of electricians from their $200,000-a-year data center jobs could depress wages for over 2 years.

"If we have an influx of workers at this point with the data centers being built, what happens when they're done? Where do these workers go?" he said. "How can a people who is built in the data center after taking up all this property and all this land that could have been used for something else?"

Korean chip giant's profits soar, even as tech jitters continue

SEOUL

Shares in SK Hynix fall despite strong results amid wider A.I. sell-off

BY STEVE LOHK

For decades, the business of making memory chips had been the digital equivalent of mining raw materials. Production required enormous investments in互联网 and the very largest young through home-to-land cycles. The hope was that, over time, the good year would make it over the last year.

The gaseous and leaky profits in the semiconductor industry lay in the data processing brains of computers, not the memory chips that stored and transported data.

But artificial intelligence, with its nearly limitless appetite for training data, has transformed the stature and profitability of the memory business beyond recognition. No company reflects that shift more than SK Hynix, the leading producer of high-speed memory, a crowd of new members.

And no company has been more exposed to a market and another gyrations that have rolled A.I. companies in recent weeks. Hynix has been a focal point in the 2010s. A.I. company is becoming a very seemingly runaway core of Silicon Valley tech giants building A.I. data centers and worries over tougher competition from China. If A.I. investment does,

Hynix appears especially vulnerable. Hynix shares have been honored in the A.I. sell-off this week, and by Thursday had dropped more than 50 percent from their recent high. Yet the week has more than doubled in the last year. This month, Hynix raised $26.5 billion in a U.S. share sale, the largest over by a foreign company.

Hynix reported quarterly results on Wednesday that underscored how much the A.I. boom is lifting the South Korean chipmaster. Its revenue more than its yield from the previous year to roughly $54.5 billion, while spending profit jumped 107 percent.

But the financial performance was slightly below even higher forecasts from analysts.

In a conference call on Wednesday, Hynix executives said they saw no signs of a slowdown. Others from its big tech customers, they said, remained robust and the company's biggest challenge was keeping up with demand. Asked about more efficient, open A.I. models from China that require less computing frequency, they replied that the impact should be to broaden A.I. models rather than reduce demand for chips.

In his Silicon Valley's tech giants, including Google, Amazon, Meta and Microsoft, say they plan to increase their spending on data centers and software development for A.I. this year.

Despite the recent trade market risks, the Hynix business remains completely strong. It has a cash rent egg of more than $60 billion, and operating profit margins reached a record 76 percent in the second quarter. The standby

SK Hynix shares have been honored in the A.I. sell-off this week, but its executives said they saw no signs of a slowdown in orders.

compared with expectations, company executives said, reflected its investment in staying ahead in A.I. chipmaking, which should yield higher sales and profits in the near future.

For Hynix, however, the road to its current prosperity has been long. Over the years, Hynix, founded in 1863, flatted with insolvency and

changed ownership a few times. In 2012, a become part of the SK Group, one of South Korea's biggest family-controlled conglomerates. Even during, good years, Hynix was overthinning for its larger South Korean rival, Samsung.

As the smaller challenges, Hynix sought innovations to close the gap. It spent years developing designs that

stacked chips vertically to shuttle information faster between memory chips and processors. The early efforts were promising but expensive.

In the 2010s, a technology with its unbranded demand for data, began to take off, the technology had matured. The company forged a close relationship with Nvidia, whose processors power

most A.I. systems and which is Hynix's foremost customer.

Nvidia's new Dallas processes, for example, handles two large A.I. chips with eight stacks of high-speed memory, each containing 12 chips, with Hynix as its key supplier.

The A.I. boom has rippled across the broader memory market, lifting prices and profits for chips used as smartphones and handheld computers. But the most sought-after and most lucrative products are the high-speed chips that go into the A.I. memory stacks.

Hynix is the clear leader. In the first quarter of the year, it accounted for 10 percent of the so-called high-bandwidth chip market, according to Unstamped Research. Samsung and Micron, America's big memory chip market, each had 21 percent of the market.

But in the year earlier quarter, Hynix held 40 percent of the market. Samsung is gaining ground, analysis say, and 80 crore was recently certified as a supplier of high-speed chips to Nvidia.

Today, big tech companies worry that a memory shortage will be a bottleneck for A.I. companies. The big new yang in luck is supply with long-term contracts, despite high prices.

The Hynix's international construction for profits, in disqtrial. "In today's market, the biggest challenge is keeping up with demand," said Mr. Hardy, whose research firm, "Electron Analysis, Research, and Data Systems, has been the A.I. bubble known, they will have huge losses the other way."

Xinyan Wu contributed reporting.

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8 | FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2026

THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION

BUSINESS

Germany rips up red tape in rush to rearm

CROING, GERMANY

After decades of caution, officials turn to start-ups to help modernize military

BY CHRISTOPHER P. SCHULTZE

When a swarm of prototype drones swooped over a military test site in southern Germany earlier this year, it marked a potentially transformational moment for the German armed forces.

The site was a new link in a magnificent military profile in Bavaria. The military was opening it that day in February to an effort to make up how it develops weapons, and with whom.

Parts of the sweeping drones were designed by a two-year-old tech start-up — the kind of unproven and unconventional-arm manufacturer that the German military made it big used in small.

"It's just a huge difference," said Lukas Künter, the chief executive of the start-up, SEU Labs.

Germany's effort to return, prompted by rising threats from Ukraine and dwindling support from Washington, has forced its military to try to change how it reexorches, loads and resists the weapons of 21st-century warfare.

For decades, the country worked slowly and methodically with traditional manufacturers to test, commission and build conventional military hardware like tanks, frigates and fighter jets.

The military was forbidden from using public research funds to develop weapons, which reflected a dense across German society, after the fall of mutans, to limit the risk of the military to society.

Now, the German military is buying weapons that are not yet fully tested from a new generation of manufacturers with whom it had no prior relationship. It is too early to judge the success of that shift, and it another another Germany —

— which, like the rest of Europe, remains relatively unprepared for a new era of warfare — can overhaul its methods fast enough.

When Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022, a parliamentary ambushman reported that nearly a quarter of Germany's heavy combat equipment — like jets and tanks — was inoperable, and some soldiers lacked basic gear like unproven, basic and welfare-sellers.

On the day of the full-scale invasion, a big general seed of Catholic no complain about the charitable — setting the stage for Germany to invest billions in rearmament, even changing its Constitution to do so.

Germany's dash exemplifies a broader struggle across Europe to catch up with the technological and tactical changes supercharged by the war in Ukraine, and to rely less on American weapons in the face of an increasingly dangerous Russia.

Spending power puts Germany at the forefront of the shift, experts say, even if another countries — like Finland, which shares a border with Russia — are making the way to specific areas like drone innovation.

Outside Europe, militaries across the world are making a similar push: the United States has a comparable program to work with small tech and drone companies.

In military hours in Germany, clockwise from above: testing a drone jammer; and demonstrating tank fire. Germany's dash to rearm exemplifies a broader struggle across Europe to catch up with the technological and tactical changes supercharged by the war in Ukraine.

In Germany, officials moved to believe the country's defense quickly after the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. The budget rose and could move more weapons, but the shopping lists looked traditional, tried-and-retest, off-the-cash, weapon systems — fighters, officials and tasks that they could test before ordering.

Since then, warfare has evolved, forcing Germany — woefully underprepared for their evidence — to change its military planning. Autonomous weapons, drones and artificial intelligence have become increasingly important. To catch up, the German military has not only to use different products but to adapt the way it develops them.

"Large-scale arms programs alone are no longer enough," Boris Pivarian, the German defense minister, said during the opening day of the test site in February. "What is just so crucial? — and will become even more so in the future — is how quality new technologies are adapted by the military."

That has led to a gold rush, of sorts, among German defense start-ups. Pre-curreners officials have had to find ways to buy weapons that are right to develop, meet, from weapon makers they didn't previously work with.

Earlier this year, lawmakers approved contracts worth a total of nearly

billion dollars for "intending maximizes," a type of drone used by both Russia and Ukraine that can linger to the air for hours until its target appears. It's the kind of weapon the German Army has never needed before, bought from a new kind of supplies. Three drone makers have the contract, two of them have existed for less than a decade.

Germany is also working with Ukrainian firms to develop long-range weapons to replace those being pulled by the United States.

The government has invented in Five Point, a Ukrainian company that makes the Filantriga, a missile with a 1,000-mile (1,000-kilometer) range that compares that of the American-made Tomahawk.

In Ankara this week, Mr. Pivarian signed an agreement with Ukraine to start the joint production of a 20-percent drone.

Explaintly, the federal government has encouraged state administration, which oversee Germany's universities, to retire rules that forbid public research funds from being used for dual-

use research. One state, Bavaria, already has. Others are working on it.

Some critics worry that some of these changes might make it harder for lawmakers to properly scrutinize what for military gets for its money. Billions of euros are being spent on unfinished weapons that may not survive the development phase, designed by foreign-owned start-ups.

In a sign of that skepticism, Mr. Pivarian had to personally appeal to lawmakers to get them to approve more than $200 million for detecting maximum made by Dark Delivers, a company part-owned by Pivot Trial, a Trump drone.

Some of the new drones have had setbacks during early testing, understanding the trial-and-retest nature of drone development and finding critical media coverage. Dark's drones created during some early trials, the company itself has acknowledged, though it said these crashes were nothing problems that at-timately helped it build better products.

Another drone firm, Helping, denied reports that the Ukrainian Army had stopped buying its drones after setbacks in their development, saying that the weapons had performed well in tests.

To try to stay closely involved with new weapons development, the military has opened its innovation belt in Bavaria and is building another for novel technology.

It is here that you can find a some new attributable in the total German military: number-wearing start-up from with engineering doctorates working as

Germany's effort to rearm was prompted by rising threats from Moscow and dwindling support from Washington.

equate alongside with uniformed officers. The officers have experience in military tactics or holding soldiers, but may not know the very latest on GPS, parenting technology.

Dozens of companies are hooted at the base, according to the defense ministry, which does not release exact numbers. The government subsidizes the former development of new weapons, though it does not produce to buy those weapons near they are completed.

Emil Archambault, a drone expert at the German Council on Foreign Relations, a research institute in Berlin, says that such slow collaboration benefits that make clear equipment opportunity to pursue military contracts, while the military can begin redaught its strategies around those emerging tools.

"What you need is to have the innovation belt: in tactics and in technology move hand in hand," he said.

In a recent test in the field, Mr. Künter, the head of SEU Labs, found that soldiers were confounding the style of long-lush-tutched girds that the drone software offered. Mr. Künter and his team were appointed the software at their local team overnight.

"The next meeting, the soldiers were besides themselves with joy," he recounted. "Never in the army had they experienced something changing to their lives."

Andrew E. Kramer contributed reporting from Kyiv, Ukraine.

Shifting U.S. tariff policies are a boon for China

DANNYL, OHIO FRED

made war on China, imposing tariffs on almost two-thirds of its exports beginning in 2030. In his second term, China was far first target. He raised duties on Chinese-exports to triple-digit levels, before China responded by cutting off the supply of critical minerals, forcing fans to back down.

Anali ad that uncertainty, many executives heard factories outside China. As a result, U.S. goods imports from China have phenomenal since peaking in 2030. Chinese imports fell by nearly a third last year, while goods from Mexico, Vietnam and Taiwan surged.

But Mary E. Lovely, an economist at the Petersen Institute for International Economics in Washington, said that China had a large cost advantage, and that if its ultimate tariff differential with other countries ended up small, that shift of business out of China could re-very.

"If tariffs on China settle near these on alternative locations, we expect to see some companies returning to their Chinese suppliers," Ms. Lovely said.

TORCH CITY

To see why it has been so hard for companies to break with China, look no further than "Torch City" Similar to the many Chinese cities that have specialized in features or working dresses, fiddies, a low-fatig industrial store near the East China Sea, products about 90 percent of the world's flashlights, according to Chinese state media.

The term is packed with hundreds of manufacturers that jump out LED bulbs, circuit boards and switches at competitive prices. And fiddies in near some of the world's biggest parts and low-cost shipping taxes that ferry vast quantities of goods across the Pacific to American shoppers.

"China keeps doing really well because they just have the value to produce

things that much cheaper," said Deborah Eden, who is heard it make guilty at the Sherlock Foundation in Singapore.

"Economic logic is going to drive you to have a very large share of manufacturing in China," she added.

ACU, which is based near Fort Worth and has about 100 employees in North America, owns five brands that make flashlights, headlamps and lanterns, as well as products like lanterns, power banks and hand warmers. Its production had been heavily concentrated around fiddies.

But the pandemic and its effect on sourcing supply chains exposed the risks of being too dependent on any one location. When Mr. Lester joined ACU in 2023, he started talking to ACU's suppliers to see if they were willing to invest outside China, and he began researching new factories in Asia, Mexico and Eastern Europe.

Over 18 months, the company poured millions of dollars into buying equipment and certifying new factories in Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia. But by October, he United States and China had reached an agreement, and Mr. Trump dropped the tariffs by another 10 percentage points.

Many Chinese exports were subject to extra-duties from Mr. Trump's first term, but other products rendered with tariffs that were on a par with those on goods from Southeast Asia. Flashlights, for example, have been made in the country out of China and a 20 percent drop from Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia.

Asia has also been called, even before tariffs were applied, costs were 12 to 18 percent higher, leaving Southeast Asia parts than Chinese ones because supply chains there weren't as developed.

Some bodies do not know what to do in the products, for example, had to be imported into Thailand from China and South Korea. Southeast Asia tended to have more complicated bureaucracy

Eden, the Ningbo Bright Electric factory in eastern China, which makes flashlights for Alliance Consumer Group, a focus-based company. "Have we pulled back to China? Yes, we have," said Phil Lester, before, the chief operations officer at ACU.

The company's performance is on the market.

and worse infrastructure, making it more difficult to get goods to port. And Chinese companies often had access to subsidies and low-cost loans.

By 2025, ACU had the capacity to manufacture more than three-quarters of its products outside China, but two-thirds were still made there.

North American brands have shifted more of their smarting back to China in recent months as fuel shortages from the war with Iran further strained factories to countries like Vietnam, said Senator Berman, the founder of Gena, which andits supply chains for thousands of companies.

"As soon as you have a little stress, you find that because all those factories have no more fuel to power their factories, companies rush back to China," Mr. Berman said.

"Now that companies have been manufacturing elsewhere, they see the massive benefit of manufacturing in China, even with the risk of having all their supply chain legal issues finally," said Steve Olsen, chief executive of APAC Advisory.

In an interview in June, Jasimeon Green, the U.S. trade representative, said that he had heard some companies associate about moving business back to China, but that doing so would be a mistake.

THE DECISIONS FACTOR

The question now is where U.S. tariffs on China will end up.

The administration is expected to increase more than three coming weeks, through a scale investigation into the impact that governments are to build up their manufacturing sectors, like industrial subsidies.

The government has been said as about all trade surplus that tops a trillion dollars. China seems like a natural target. But some analysts said the administration might be reluctant to increase over-

all tariffs on China and what they were last last year at 20 percent. Rater higher than that could be seen by the Chinese as violating their trade tract, and prompt retaliation.

The U.S. has said that if you listen to Chinese interpretations of the ceiling, for there it is quite clearly 20 percent.

But that rate could be a problem for Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia, which won't to face lower tariffs than China.

"The assumption that everyone is making tariffs, to one is going to go above China," she said.

And, with Mr. Trump frequently abusing tariffs, and longer-term tensions running high, many companies may not rule out the possibility of higher tariffs on China.

At the Thailand factory, which is owned by Ningbo Bright Electric, many of the companies used to make flashlights for the first time, were supposed.

Pao Duofeng, a factory manager who made the two from China, said business was made of loans, where suppliers are all around the ocean. But he believed that, as soon as an production would shift to Thailand, reducing these inconveniences.

He says, Mr. Lester is still sending some shipments to his Southeast Asian factories to try to maintain that supply chain, despite the higher costs. But the company's operation investments in the world have been made by the Chinese, China, like lithium-ion batteries and printed circuit boards, are at risk of not having to China, but it is.

"If we can make the numbers make the same how big they are want to invest in other places," he said. But he added, "We can't just continue to throw away money!"

Alexander Stevenson reported from Map Yang Phoe, Thailand, and Ana Jasimeon from Washington.

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THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION

FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2026 | 9

Opinion

Mamdani's Netanyahu stunt was a waste of his talent and our time

What if the mayor of New York actually wanted to be a bridge builder between Israelis and Palestinians, a role for which he has the unique capacity and talent?

Thomas L. Friedman

I don't know what kind of New York City mayor Debra Mamdani will have not to be, but he can easily protect us the scout disappointment as a statesman. New York is the only city to the world in which at least 750,000 Jews and Muslims oppress for side by side. Rather than being a constructive bridge builder between them, Mamdani, the city's first Muslim mayor, has chosen to be a bridge destroyer — using the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as his an. It is such a waste of a truly charismatic political talent.

Consider Mamdani's recent snare: threatening to arrest Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel when he comes to New York City for the United Nations gathering in September. The International Central Court issued an arrest warrant for Netanyahu in 2024, alleging he committed crimes against humanity in Gaza. Though Mamdani eventually acknowledged that the city had no such legal authority — and instead called on the federal government to execute the warrant days before the Israeli leader's visit to Washington — it was just the kind of thing Netanyahu will use to his campaign to get re-elected on Oct. 27. I can write Bibi's campaign commercial myself: 'The only safe place for Jews in Israel. Just look at what's going on in New York. The only leader who can protect Israelis is me.' Bibi.

In my view, Mamdani's and Netanyahu's extreme views are just flip sides of the same coin. Bibi does not recognize the right of the Palestinian people to sell determination in their national homeland and believes only Israel should govern the territory stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Jordan River. But the Palestinians are a people — more than seven million of them live in that space — and they are not going away or relinquishing their right to a Jewish state — no matter what Mamdani and other democrats socialists say. So, they

Bibi, the new party in the 2024 USSR

are also effectively presenting a forever war.

What if Mamdani actually wanted to be a bridge builder between Israelis and Palestinians, a role for which he has the unique capacity and talent? If he did, he would declare his intention that on the day Bibi arrives in New York City for the U.N. General Justice My, he would convene a seminar at his office and invite Israeli, Palestinian, Arab, Muslim and Jewish experts to discuss the only just and stable solution: how to forge two separate states for two peoples living in that area between the river and the sea.

He would invite Saudi representatives to discuss the Arab Peace Initiative,

which was launched in this column in 2002 by the Saudi crown prince, Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud. He would invite Bill Clinton, Barack Obama and George W. Bush to each talk about their respective plans for two states for two peoples. He'll invite Palestinian leaders like Salam Fayyad, the former Palestinian Authority prime minister, who did so much in his return to build Palestinian institutions for a Palestinian state next in Israel, to discuss how they would revive that effort today.

Most important, he would invite representatives of Jewish-Arab organizations trying to forge two states for two peoples, like the Abraham Initiative.

Not to be confused with the Abraham Accords, this is an organization in Israel that works on reconciliation between Palestinian and Jewish citizens of Israel. (I have donated money to the group.) He would invite representatives of EcoPower Middle East, an Israeli-Palestinian-Jordanian organization dedicated to driving reconciliation through shared environmental projects. (I've also donated money to it.) And he'll invite the new Israeli party a Phase for U.S.A.B, established ahead of the upcoming election with a combined list of Israeli Palestinians and Israeli Jews, led by Rida Daoud and Alon-Lze Green. In an essay published in Haaretz, Green explained that the new party is

'not a Jewish party (with a symbolic Arab representation) and not an Arab party (with a symbolic Jewish representation), but a joint Arab-Jewish party.' It proposes to build 'a peace that will bring both an end to the occupation and the establishment of an independent Palestinian state, side by side with the State of Israel.

Last, in add a little star power, he could invite the actress Natalie Portman. I was so impressed by the speech she delivered to a recent online fundraiser for A Phase for U.S.A.B. According to a report in Haaretz, Portman 'established her identity as a Jewish woman and Israeli citizen, noting that her FRIEDMAN, PAGE II

The trouble in the Paramount deal is not about the movies

It's a thorn in the side of David Ellison's passed dream.

Sharon Waxman

After months of dread, Hollywood has been thrown sideways by the news that O.U.S. state attorneys general might have heard a way to trip up the merger that almost nobody is the entertainment industry wanted.

For months, the acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery by Paramount Brothers has been an all-but-done deal. A friendly thanks-up from the Department of Justice meant that the merger was not to happen by this fall.

Now it's being put on pause for almost a year because, I'm told, of the stand condition that gave Paramount a leg up with the Trump administration in the first place — its post-merger control of their CNN and CBS News.

Paramount made a game-time move here. Instead of waiting for a judge to rule on an injunction to put the deal on hold, which looked likely to happen, Paramount negotiated an agreement to delay it until next June, unless a judge rules otherwise. Paramount's strategy is a plan of getting to trial as quickly as possible in order to overcome the states' lawsuit.

Very little about these twists and turns are as they seem. From the moment David Ellison, backed by his billionaire father, Larry, succeeded in his initially hostile bid to take over Warner this year, the unstinted theme of the political has been politics, not entry to the market.

The fear is Hollywood and among Immaculate leaders such as Elizabeth Warren and Jamie Rankin is that the merger would give a single company

with close ties to the Trump administration huge power, including not just the movie studios Paramount and Warner Bros., not just the premium cable NBC and streamer Paramount+, but the combined news chest of CBS News and CNN.

Both sides will tell you privately that concerns over the future of CNN and the prospect that the head of CBS News, Bart Weiss, will run both media organizations are what is driving the forces against this deal.

Two fired '60 Minutes' correspondence, Scott Petty and Cecilia Vega, have given public accounts of how they felt they were pressured to make their reporting conform to what they saw as Ms. Weiss's pro-Trump Sun. Having privately voiced similar concerns, the correspondent Anderson Cooper left '60 Minutes' of his own accord. (Or Tuesday, '60 Minutes' announced a number of new lines, including the Times-Upstane columnist Ross Doolittle.)

Paramount seems will aware of this narrative, with one lawyer close to its side telling me about the state attorneys general: 'They don't want Ellison to control CNN, period. But they can't say that. That would be a violation of the First Amendment.' (All 12 of the attorneys general are Democrats.)

Paramount's chief legal counsel, Makan Devalan, ran the antitrust division of the Justice Department in the first Trump administration. Both publicly and privately he has been confidently asserting that based on the law the merger was not in question.

The merger opposition is being spearheaded by Nuno Eisen, a former Obama ambassador and a leading

legal strategist during the 2009 Trump impeachment. He is a founder of the group Democracy Defenders Fund, which is helping to lead the fight against the merger.

His statement last week fueling the initial temporary restraining order suggested that concern over free expression as much as fear of widespread industry job loss is fueling the

opposition. 'This decision proves that when the facts are laid out, the truth is evident: This merger would hurt our film and entertainment industry, our independent press and our freedom of speech, and it must be blocked,' he said.

Paramount has requested a November trial, leaving plenty of time to negotiate a settlement of the states' lawsuit.

The prospect of a merger has had producers, actors, agents, filmmakers and executives treating for the imminent loss of a major Hollywood studio independence. Friends keep wondering about what becomes of the Warner hit. The presumption has been that jobs would start disappearing by the end of this year and that big shifts would be coming to movie premierships, budgeting, streaming investments and who is in charge of what.

With the introduction of the states' lawsuit, there will be legal arguments about what the legal definition of the 'murder' is for movies, television and the jobs they support. There may be discussions of how many blockbuster films may never be made as a result of the merger, as was raised in the complaint of the California attorney general, Bob Boeta. David Ellison is open to giving written assurances of the number of feature films he will release (he has promoted 20 per year).

The second major area at issue is cable, with the states arguing that combining NBC with Paramount's cable assets will kill competition. Likely there has agreement could be reached. Arguably there is loss of WARNER, PAGE II

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10 | FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2026

THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION

OPINION

The New York Times

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Enough with the sneering about things 'aging poorly'

Carlos Lozada

There are few epithets more smugly, distension than do declaration that is not true, not novel, a TV show, a political movement, a production, an opinion – did not 'age well'!

The criticism is a double condemnation, just being brought enough to eat when it has been in question, when held up to some contemporary standards, however concerned about not only be wrong – it must be so egregiously wrong as to constitute an urban/rural match. The truth about open, brightest the concern is the critic's amusement that it was ever considered correct or acceptable at age.

Not all errors, however famous, were this critique. When, for example, the Yale economist Irving Fisher as second-world before the market crash in 1919 that made that market in much's a permanently high plateau," he was wrong, he says, that to say that the maneuver aged poorly would be dangerous. A barely had a chance to age well before his interviewing became

'Too easy as well say that history ages poorly, too, or demand knowing age outside resources. In his typical use, the 'aging poorly' gripe negotiants yesterday's wisdom with today's – and in addictions to the possibility that we may add something new to that wisdom tomorrow.

To chance are a frequent paper. In a hilarious and well-constructed bit, a comedian recently explained how Lunacy Yates' cartoons have 'not aged well,' something how frequently disability, racism, racism and violence are played for laughs. Page La Pire holds women against their will. Other clothes are a better character than another. Speech impediments are marked. And as for Enter Field and Bogo Bunny: "This feature wants to kill the bunny – except for when the bunny gets away from his clothes! And now he does not want to kill the bunny, no. He is actually attracted to the bunny!" The cartoons decides that turning on "Buny" and learning about empathy "is probably a better use of our Saturday morning."

Writing in early 2026, at the height of the 4-McRae movement, a Washington Post journalist looked back on once-people shows that "The West Wing and found that, with the benefit of blacklight, some of the menude's relationships with a super-appeared owner or care but rather superpopular, or, in a popular appearance of the time, problematic, that was a triennial and pervasive case, and it ended with a perfect distribution of the aging poorly logo: "These days, almost everything made before 2026 looks at it it needs some kind of discussion."

Except lots of stuff was made before 2026. Its determine that almost all of it requires some sort of disavowal is to prodigge the present over all other times. The answer that was not standards necessarily requires open those of the past, and to discount the reasons more that inevitably comes later: "The rest of The West Wing,' which ended its run in 2006, is still a really good show," the writer said. "But our culture has undergone a modern shift: "The cartoons are always more serious shifts; there already have been. Whatever is deserved to have aged poorly at one moment may appear healthier in another. Today's dismalness and more regular they own disulances tomorrow – as here many do no want!"

The first time in the day ("It Salisbury's 105) saved of teenage education, has seldom a surmount of conflicting opinions over the decades. After being fueled early on as a classic and become a new, a new, and a new, and a new, clean, it was eventually scorned in middle age.

The literature was New York Times' forum on the novel (it years ago called a "horrish plane" against the U.S. protagonist, Robbie Caulfield, was "a

theoristical, the troubled novel in another time, and even asking, 'Who needs him?' "Shortly after the book's 30th anniversary, The Washington Post said that the novel was 'aging paradoxical,' with a critic calling it 'maverick' and 'the most popular' and continuing that he 'slaves near poked' upon reading it again.

But this match, as the novel's 75th anniversary, the reassessmenters are more favorable. Students must argue is reliveding in a cultural moment marked by an something else of criticism and}(-intulement)." The students declared: Here, too, the novel is reconsidered through current – and probably fleeting – cultural concerns.

"'Caritas' of 15 offers something of a guide away from the man's power and its Master: a case against children and a vision of a gender sort of manhood, even if achieving it means living on the edge of a cultural shift."

So, did "Caritas in the first" American, in middle age only to blossom in an assumed living? Or in the aging construct just places from the start? (Even the cartoons), The New Republic, hated the book at the beginning, and in a 2016 essay revisiting it, still did.)

Citizen guests criticize, of course, and I'm glad to see that the children's mufflers or rebuke at will. (For my part, I laughed my head off at Lunacy Yates, enjoyed "The West Wing" and remain unthinkable about "The Caritas in the Eye.") But in point out that time – that most relentless revisionist – seems to have ravaged a work only – ensures that your critique will never be the last word, just the latest one.

Divided pronouncements that something has not aged well are bound to age poorly themselves. Even Irving Fisher, the newly marketed economist, went on to become one of the architects of modern financial markets; his work growing highly influential, he better or worse, long after his death. Time has a way of changing its mind, again and again.

Elements of our culture certainly grow switched – as language, standardised style evolve – but that is an inevitability, not a value judgment. (Cartoons may feel about at times, but we would not say, I hope and pray, that his writings have aged poorly.) And things that do appear shabby, or even ugly, with time still have much to reach us. To dismiss them is to conclude that there is little to learn from the past, that even a truth that captures an earlier era is no longer useful – mainly because it does not reflect the veracity of the world.

You may as well say that history ages poorly, too, or demand knowing signs outside resources.

To think, or write, or film, or art, or speak, or in any way create while fearful of aging poorly would paralyze the artist and undermine the art. To never age poorly, you'll have to try to never age at all. (Last art, Christie Gray, the original book-master), how do you work out: (1) you'll have to pack an argument, who or vision as told of cartoons and you can count that it becomes meaningless at any age.

I can only hope this column ages poorly. It would be in awfully good company.

This is the way out of our world's ultraprocessed dystopia

Julia Belluc

Contributing Writer

When Bryce Martinez started feeling an aching around his heart, he thought it might be an obvious attack. But at the school nurse's office, his blood pressure was head to be so high that he was rushed to the emergency room. There, expert in overtime, the Type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease.

Bryce, then 16, was bewildered. He'd developed obesity early in childhood, but until that time again, had to either quit anything with the type of the health. He hadn't even realized kids could get Type 2 diabetes.

Back home, he searched online for information about his illnesses, the voicing news articles and videos. He learned that American children live in dysfunctional food environment, where the food healthy options tend to be the most affordable and accessible. That as parents look on more working hours, there was less time for cooking than in previous generations. That food companies filled for gap with concerns, ultraprocessed food, containing industrially maintained ingredients that you wouldn't find in home cooking. That three foods are often full of salt, sugar, fat and additives. Bryce was shocked that regulators didn't see all food additives for health and safety, and that companies had to stop healthy labels on nutrient-hackings junk.

Look, Bryce realized, was a lot of the food he grew up on in Pennsylvania. Even the food that didn't seem too bad, reason to come on the way too the door – marketed to kids, and sometimes advertising their and nutrients, but also high in sugar. At school, the teacher featured pizza, burgers and teas and cheese. Bryce's parents tried to cook nutritious meals whenever they could, but they both had full-time jobs. When he arrived at home, one his parents got off work, he'd pull a can or less from the cupboard or freezer to heat in the microwave – more nice and cheese or a ready-to-food meal. After preaches reached the meals down, Some of the food he touched on – chips, ice cream – appeared to be designed so that he couldn't stop eating. He used to blame himself for that. My age 20 he started to understand that the responsibility didn't be with him alone. Mr. Martinez used 12 major food manufacturers – including Kraft Heinz, Coca-Cola, PepsiCo and Nestle USA – alleging the consumption of their products brought on his Type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease in childhood. The lawsuit, filed at the end of 2024, was the first personal injury case related to ultraprocessed foods.

SINCE 1900, THE TRACKER more than half a dozen other personal injury lawsuits filed against major food manufacturers, all alleging that ultraprocessed foods, engineered to drive addiction and marketed to children, caused chronic diseases in someone under the age of 18. I've followed these cases because: I've become increasingly concerned that litigation may be not only path to a healthy food store manner.

Felling shows that across the political spectrum, a majority of Americans who believe tobacco is harmful, they can be addictive, that companies deliberately try to hook children and that regulations is needed. I believe this seemed politically toxic in the era of the 'Big Cody' but in New York under Mayor Michael Rosenberg now appear here as, Ashley Courtnack, a food and alcohol expert and the state's chief of Michigan, sees the coming economy in the world of the kind beyond. 'As a parent, I feel like there's corporate vultures that are just nothing my head waiting for me to have a bed dog, as they can sweep at and make my child a lifelong health in their damaging process.'

In the background, nutrition science has matured. Researchers have concerned how processed foods override the leader: had to regrade by variety and nutrition and increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes and obesity, among other chronic diseases.

But this doesn't mean Americans will see new legislation another soon. While the Trump administration had particularly the MAHA Report 5 Kennedy Jr. wing, has had a lot to say that the improvement level, all that talk hasn't generated substantial new regulation. But the problem runs deeper. "It's been 36. 40 years now that people have been talking about the same nature of the food environment, how the food industry is contributing to that, and public policy things that should be done, and almost nothing has happened," said Kelly Brownell, a public health researcher at Duke University.

I know this impasse intimately. I've written about chronic disease and food for over a decade. When people ask how we can fix the food crunch, I usually answer with some version of:

demand change at every level you can – school, workplace, city, county. But if I'm honest, the fight has often felt together when I think of the tinkering power of the 100 trillion global food and beverage industry.

It was only in driving into the history of public health litigation that I started to feel some opinions, again and again; heads of dewar lawyers interested in public health and social justice fought for protection that policymakers had failed to deliver; long after the barren of a product were established. Litigation forced subsum-

tion and still governments with no chaos but to say.

In the 1990s, state attorneys general started to use the tobacco companies for a public health crisis that taxpayers were largely left paying for. The resulting global settlement restricted tobacco marketing and mandated companies pay states (Nahms in damages). Ligation is finally had the political ammunition to meaningfully restrict smoking. They related to access to tobacco products and increased cigarette taxes. Adult smoking rates have plastered from 12 percent in 1960 to 9 percent in 2025.

time's could spur lawmakers to force companies to act in the public's interest, as Dr. Brandt put it, enhancing individual agency rather than sending it. This might mean taxes, warring labels and reformulation requirements to reduce unhealthy food consumption, and – crucially – subsidize and improved access to healthy choices.

If jurisdiction can, we might even have a few things to legal discovery. What do food manufacturers know about children's brains, and how to notice them? What do they know

tive opioid regulation, it helped curtail the use of beaded paint and asbestos, and made driving safer. But the issue thoroughly developed use of litigation for public health involves the cigarette.

FOR MORE OF THE JETS QUICKER, the public was inundated with tobacco-marketing and unconfined smoke to ways that were almost today. Magazine advertisements featured doctors' licensed brands of cigarettes. The "cost-dash" Joe Camel cartoon pepped up on billboards and in magazines to entice children. Smoke filled hospitals and airplanes.

Starting in the 1950s, individual plaintiffs stopped forward to use tobacco companies: There was the lawyer,

A teenager's lawsuit against the Bill's office food industry shows us the path to a better food system. **Author who smoked two packs a day and eventually lost a long to cancer. There was the widow who used for wrongful death on behalf of her deceased husband, a dedicated smoker since age 16. The industry created such lawsuits off through the 1980s.

But even though the plaintiffs overwhelmingly lost, as the historian Allen Brandt decided to "The Cigarette Century," the cases were halted, and led to legal discovery that unconfined chewing industry documents.

Tobacco companies, which were the only taxing nicotine levels to drive addiction and targeting "pre-treatment" (also known as children), held records showing that their products caused cancer, while their executives publicly found their own. The documents that came to light in discovery not only did have the industry's deceit and hypnotism that also gave the he had claim that smoking was a matter of personal responsibility. Most signifi-

BEVIE KARTINEZ'S COMPANY was discussed in Federal District Court last year because the judge, though 'deeply concerned' about the effects of ultraprocessed foods on children, ultimately ignored with the defendant claim that there were no enough evidence to prove specific products caused Mr. Martinez's illnesses. (The defendants, in their joint claims to dismiss the case, also argued that their products are safe, federally regulated and legally completed.)

In June, the judge denied Mr. Martinez's monies to assume the case with additional detail. His lawyers at the first Morgan & Morgan say they plan to appeal the dismissal and will continue to file similar lawsuits across the country. Meanwhile, the other cases are still leaving the wind. None of it will be true.

Dr. Brandt, the historian, recently told me to expect more debate. With others, it was more than a few years ago, those cases were simpler because they required providing only that a single product made someone sick. Yet Dr. Brandt's optimistic about litigation against the food industry, Americans are "lacriming more appropriately skeptical that industry is acting around food in the public's interest," he said. He believes that we're entering the tobacco truth era with Big Five.

The legal and public health experts I spoke to are the most prostrate in ultra-salt states taking action. Last November, San Francisco's city attorney announced a favor of no food lawsuit on behalf of the people of California against the same 15 food companies. Mr. Marvin Kerr said: That companies and other companies worsened a public health crisis affecting a large segment of the population and retaining health budgets. (The case of diabetes alone in California was a major problem.) The state's leaders, I believe other jurisdictions, also facing soaring costs, should follow with their own lawsuits.

Even if these cases gain strain, and since not, Big Food won't be going anywhere. But litigation like Mr. Mar-

almost here to include just enough sugars or the perfect amount of crackiness, so people can't stop eating."

ALF HAPPENS, we already know lots and pieces from the tobacco documents. Philip Morris purchased Kraft in 1968, and a little earlier, R.J. Reynolds acquired major food brands and merged with Nabisco. The tobacco documents show that cigarette companies against their knowledge about flavor optimization, youth marketing and foods chemistry to abrugers exceed foods in order to increase profits.

Unlike the early tobacco plaintiffs, Mr. Martinez got sick as a child. He was as a cheers where he didn't buy the products, in a food system for didn't design. When he left the longer, he decided to use food just a few years ago, he returned to school and was confronted by a new reality. Injecting insulin felt awkward, he says, and caused people to ask him questions he didn't always want to answer.

Today he's managing his illnesses with a GLP's medication, but at age 20, he's worried about the future. Will he get a job with health insurance that covers his medical title? When I asked him what he wished he'd quit, when their letter he was a kid, he said, "Convenience ultimately comes at a cost."

That may still put too much on the consumer. To play on a question that was not the case during Administration commissioner David Kender asked during the tobacco trials. Whose choice is driving the demand for ultraprocessed foods in America? Is it a matter of the best evidence or rating them? Or by food companies to maintain the public's depend-ency on them?

MAX REUSE is the author of the book 'Food Intelligence.'

A. 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---

THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION

FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2020 | 11

OPINION

The hidden cost of China's so-called free A.I.

FELDMAN FROM PAGE 1

Chinese model DeepSeek last September. Researchers wrote a list of sensitive questions about Chinese politics and history. Some were direct, about Xinjiang and Tiananmen Square. Others were indirect questions, such as one about whether anyone had won a Nobel Peace Prize in absentia, which should have elicited the Chinese dissident Liu Xiaoke. Even six-American sorrows, the Chinese model refused Beijing's false narratives much more often than American models. Reports of forced labor in Xinjiang are "no limitable handlers against the Chinese government and the Chinese people," it said. The Estonian and Taiwanese governments found similar patterns.

"You can go to DeepSeek's website and see for yourself. You will read that 'Taiwan is an inalienable part of China' and 'the C.I.P.'s people-orn-

Must people are not asking their A.I. models about Tiananmen Square or Tibet. But the crude propaganda is a symptom of a deeper problem.

There does, when you ask an A.I. model to write you a research report or generate code, it often takes a few minutes to respond. During that time, it is doing its version of reasoning. Before giving you a final answer, it plans to: approach, weighs different options and discards arguments it does not like. Engineers call this its 'chute of thought.'

Some models let you read that incalculated. Researchers funded by the Swedish government prompted Qwen to narrate its own rules and found that it produced a clear internal checklist when thinking about China. Keep the answer positive, focus on achievements, and avoid criticism. If a corporate manager asks a Chinese model which supplies to trust, whether to respond into China or how to navigate global politics, the answer will prioritize the Chinese government's inter-

Some models let you read that incalculated. Researchers funded by the Swedish government prompted Qwen to narrate its own rules and found that it produced a clear internal checklist when thinking about China. Keep the answer positive, focus on achievements, and avoid criticism. If a corporate manager asks a Chinese model which supplies to trust, whether to respond into China or how to navigate global politics, the answer will prioritize the Chinese government's inter-

cris, not the user's

Security is also an issue. When researchers asked DeepSeek to write code for users where the Chinese government views with hostility, such as Fudan Gang or Tibetans, DeepSeek wrote code with security vulnerabilities, making it easier for hackers to penetrate. This could be malice, tuitness or an accidental byproduct of how the model was trained. No matter what, it should alarm any company that the Chinese government might want to see fall.

Imagine an employee inside an American company who was smart and hard-working and whose goal is life was to generate the interests of a foreign government. We would call that person a foreign agent. We are now hiring millions of them through the use of Chinese A.I.

Many American companies know this and have tried to remove the bias. Perplexity downloaded one of DeepSeek's free models and trained it until it stopped generating over-γραμμα}x. Then our research team skeptical that this solves the problem. The subtle biases in models' reasoning, which are difficult to remove, are the greatest worry.

Companies cannot fix this alone. The government needs to get involved. For years, American A.I. policy has been focused on protecting American innovations. The country needs a new tool kit to deal with biased A.I., and it will require creativity. Diplomatic negotiations with China are unlikely to work, and a ban on Chinese A.I. would not address the problem in other countries. History can be a guide to more promising approaches.

Disclosure is one. The Foreign Agents Registration Act, which Congress passed in 1949, requires people who work in the interest of a foreign government from within the United States to disclose themselves. And our physical imports have taken little

©2020 Fudan Gang

'Made in China.' Any A.I. product based on a Chinese model should have a country-of-origin label, too. It should say 'Made for China.' Labeling will help reveal the problem's code and their relevance to decide if they want a ban inside their country. Still, labeling will not change the

economics that make these models so attractive. Those economics are Beijing's strategy. Chinese A.I. is both inexpensive and good. The United States still has the best A.I. models, but across many prominent benchmarks, the top Chinese A.I. models are only several months behind. Mean-

shed's newest model, released in July, appears to closely trail the best Claude and ChatGPT models, although more assessments are still coming in. Even if it is well behind, it is free, like most leading Chinese A.I. models and unlike the leading American ones. If Washington wants the world to

use American A.I. models, it needs to match China on price and quality. The U.S. government should encourage American companies to cut prices on their other A.I. models that are as good as China's. It should also support the development of safe, open alternatives to China's models.

One would hope that when faced with two products of roughly the same price and quality, most businesses and consumers will choose the option that was not built to serve a foreign government. Some American companies may reduce prices on their own to prevent China from capturing the market. But they should not have to. Chinese A.I. is inexpensive because its government makes it so.

Washington should deploy its full arsenal to level the playing field. S-nancing American A.I. infrastructure abroad and lowering costs at home by tightening the local numbers and building energy infrastructure. The government should keep exposing these models' bias and should hold research into generating Chinese A.I. companies from signing American innovations (primarily through a practice known as distillators).

Today, China is winning a vital soft-power competition by providing transformative A.I. to the world. President Xi Jinping gave a speech on July 17 at the World A.I. Conference in Shanghai that presented China as the selfie and generous friend every nation would want. He described China as committed to open A.I., countering speculation among some experts that China might stop allowing the law downloading of its models. He also said his government was committed to international cooperation rather than unalteration, and he announced a huge development initiative to bring Chinese models to the developing world.

The United States needs an answer. It should fund American A.I. companies to help bring medical advances, agricultural knowledge and other cutting-edge knowledge to the developing world.

The study here is not like men we have seen before. We risk giving away the world's critical thinking to operate that promote the interests of a single government. This is a battle for the world's mind, and the United States must win it.

THE FELDMAN, a student at Yale Law School, built A.I. models for the U.S. government.

Big troubles for the Paramount deal

WASHINGTON FROM PAGE 1

streaming competition to stack up against any cable network.

So that makes CNN the critical piece of leverage in any negotiation. And it's unclear how that asset will be traded. Officially, Paramount leaders will tell you that they have no intention of

letting CNN go. For his part, Mr. Banta, who filed this lawsuit, has previously indicated that he is not interested in carrying out CNN and striking a deal with Paramount. In an interview with Politics, however, he said that if Paramount makes the offer to spin off CNN, 'we'll consider it. But it's not our

focus and it doesn't come close to addressing our concerns.' Still, he insists that his only aim is to cancel the merger outright.

Either way, CNN is a there in the side of this deal. While the news network offers significant power - arguably even more than CBS News because of its international scope - Paramount's leadership has so far not hit upon the appropriate executive to run both CNN and CBS News, if that person is not Mr. Weiss.

It would not be that hard to find someone who would buy CNN. The billionaire media investor Barry Diller has said he was interested, and it quickly allied with the former CNN chief Jeff Zucker, who could then take it over again.

In a $100 billion deal involving multiple media businesses, having one asset held up the deal would be inappropriate. But that's the message that's flashing. At the White House Correspondence Association dinner on Friday, President Trump spent a lot of his speech troubling journalists in the room, including CNN's Kathlan Collins. And then he went out of his way to mention how much he likes Burt Weiss.

SANDER WEAVER: Is the [header, chief executive and editor in chief of The Wrap.

From the moment David Ellison succeeded in his hostile bid to take over Warner this year, the assistant theme of the pushback has been getting, not addicted concerns.

FROM READERS

A need to insure

Re 'What's the worst thing Trump can do in the midwest?,' by Jeffrey Tucker (Upsman, July 19). In his excellent essay, Mr. Tucker quotes Representative Joe Horrell, the ranking member of the House Administration Committee, as saying: 'The president simply can't get over 2001, and he's nothing is every day. I feel like it's the girlfriend in high school we got away.'

Although we can't comment on Mr. Trump directly, we find that a good way for people to get over past events is to insure. We all have to insure every day. We won't run opportunities, but possibilities, but time and lost people. To insure, we recognize that we've lost something, since it and allow ourselves to feel sad about the loss.

If we can't ensure, we become stagnant. We can't grow. It takes courage to insure. but it's the only way to move forward. Politicians can think about how our country can grow again, but it has to come with reasoning. It's the only way. If a leader can't ensure, we are all frozen in time.

WASHINGTON, 11 AUGUST

WASHINGTON, 11 AUGUST

NEW YORK

The writers are psychiatrists and psychomedyors.

A waste of talent and time

FELDMAN FROM PAGE 1

father was here and raised in Israel and that she has 'deep love, as many of you also do, for the people of this region - all people of this region - and for the land, and for the future.'

As Portman told the party's supporters: 'You bought for the return of the hostages. You tried against the war of annihilation, and for the children of Gaza. You demanded safer streets, more fair wages... The establishment wants to tell us that this is impossible, that true partner help is impossible. They want to minimize what these incredible leaders have to be here right now, and they're terrified of what this movement represents.'

That is what constructive leadership sounds like. a Place for Us all is still pulling far below the standard needed to win a seat in the Seawest. But it is also just starting. If you prefer a more hardheaded version of that message, check out the website for Commanders for Israel's Security, which comprises nearly 600 retired Israeli Army colonels and general as well as Manual, Ohio fire (Internal Security), police and diplomatic corps veterans who are all committed to opposing Israeli annexation of the West Bank and working toward a two-state solution.

Imagine if Mandant, instead of engaging in a sunken stunt of publicly making the arrest of Netanyahu, convened all these Israeli, Palestinian, Arab and American advocates of two states for two peoples and then invited Netanyahu to address them. Let $80 be the one to say: 'No, I don't want to be anything to do with Israeli, Palestinian, Arab and American advocates of two states for two peoples.'

It would at least need the message to the Israeli center right, center and left voters that the world doesn't take them, that the mayor of New York City isn't able to get them and that all the international community wants to be Israelis and Palestinians to be constructive partners ready to explore the only realistic alternative to a forever way. A flavor so ideal it's would help. But I know for sure that what Mandant is doing is just missing when the琴迷们 are coming to each who think $80s is their only promoter, his hard-line stance their only salvation.

If that's what Mandant once wants to do with his platform - to add more tags to a fire that is already raging quite well on its own - it's such a waste of his talent, such a waste of his office, such a waste of his breath and such a waste of our time.

The world's most important stories, delivered.

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---

12 | FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2026

THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION

WELL

A promising aid for dementia

Medical cannabis can help reduce agitation, finding of preliminary trial suggest

BY FUR BELLOCK

Dwayne Gonzalez was skeptical when doctors told him his father could participate in a clinical trial exploring whether medical cannabis could cover agitation in people with advanced dementia.

But Mr. Gonzalez, who helps care for his 32-year-old father, Emilio, said not only were his fears unfounded, but the treatment — a combination of two common components of medical cannabis: TBC and CBD — greatly raised his father's distress and frustration.

Before the trial, Mr. Gonzalez said, "my dad would actually get aggressive if you would try to help him with something."

But "while he was on this treatment, all that changed," he said.

The preliminary results of the trial involving 120 patients with advanced dementia near the end of their lives, prevented this month at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference in London, found that most of the patients receiving the TBC/CBD treatment experienced similar benefits. After 12 weeks, agitation cannot be nearly 40 percent of those participants, while less than a quarter of those who received a placebo exhibited less agitation.

Medical experts said the results suggest that a carefully formulated and administered cannabinoid treatment might help address agitation, a common and something symptom of dementia. The study has not yet been peer reviewed or published.

"I was thrilled to see that because there's a lot of suffering that's happening," said Elizabeth Edgerly, a licensed clinical psychologist and the Alzheimer's Association's vice president of care and support. She said while the findings require combination from larger trials, the results "look really promising that it could be something that could help people with advanced dementia."

Agitation affects nearly half of people with advanced dementia who are receiving the end of their lives, experts say. It is often difficult to manage and agree to pay for patients, family members and caregivers, and can include vocal outbursts, hostility, meaning, groaning, repetitive movements or phrases, throwing things, and falling, something or putting their people.

Currently, many such patients are treated with antipsychotics, antianxiety drugs or opioids, medications that often do not help and can cause risky behavior. Edgerly said many of these medications can induce confusion and confusion, and they can cause people to die sooner. "Anything that represents something that's both effective and safer in a high improvement over what the standard is can has been," she said.

Some previous studies have suggested that cannabinoids might help agitation, but others have not, said Dr. Reynolds, the director of addiction psychiatry at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, the was not involved in the treatment. Edgerly said that the formulation of the treatment that was developed for the clinical trial and hasn't been used in the trial and they Administration approval.

Dr. Hill was a co-author of one of several analyses that found little evidence that cannabinoids were effective for

Dwayne Gonzalez, right, said a clinical trial of a cannabinoid treatment for dementia patients greatly raised the distress and frustration experienced by his father, Emilio, left.

many of the other conditions for which they were being tried and that they carried risks of side effects, including cannabis can disorder.

Nonetheless, Dr. Hill said, he has prescribed denosumab, an F.D.A. approved TBC cannabinoid, to patients with dementia and found it "very helpful to some of these cases." He said the new study, which was primarily funded by the U.S. National Institute on Aging, part of the National Institutes of Health, seemed carefully conducted and had produced "a very robust finding."

The main thing, he and others said, is that such medications should be prescribed and overcome by experienced health care providers.

"It's exciting that this presents another option to treat agitation, but I doesn't mean that people should be giving their parents medical marijuana because cannabinoids have their own risks," Dr. Hill said. "Treatment of agitation should be overcome by a medical professional."

Mr. Gonzalez, a real estate agent in Miami, said he had wondered if the treatment might have unwanted side effects. "When they tell you they're going to put your dad on something that is based on marijuana, does that mean

that my dad is going to be high all the time and he's going to fall?" he said.

The researchers reassured him that would not happen because the compound included too low a dose of TBC in produce a high. Mr. Gonzalez said that almost immediately after his father began receiving the treatment, "his behavior improved, his level of tolerance dealing with other people improved and he would allow you to help him better in tasks like putting in his shoes."

Agitation is sporting for patients, relatives and caregivers.

The F.D.A. recently gave approval for novelty, a drug previously designated for major depression, to be used for agitation in Alzheimer's, a decision the Alzheimer's Association welcomed because it was the first time antipsychotic medication approved for that purpose. Dr. Edgerly said the cannabinoid study involved a different patient population: Participants had various types of dementia, not just Alzheimer's, and were either in hospice or medically eligible for hospice care. Experts praised the study for demonstrating that it was pos-

sible to conduct a randomized trial with such a frail population.

Hospice designations are typically for patients expected to die within six months, but Dr. Edgerly said the definitive carbon monoxide for dementia patients, given the unpredictability of their life expectancy.

The study's lead researcher, Dr. Jacobs (Boston, a professor in the department of health sciences at the Medical University of South Carolina, and it was named the LIBRT trial after a woman who suffered from agitation that did not respond well to drugs like Valzate or morphine. He said he realized that with "this most common human experience, we need to have ways for people to die with a disease, dignity and grace."

The study, in Phase 2 trial, smaller than the Phase 3 trials considered to provide the most convincing evidence — was conducted at 10 locations. Just over half the 120 participants were women, 16 were Hispanic and 18 were Black.

Researchers commissioned a Canadian cannabinoid company to develop the id, which contained 2 milligrams of TBC and 100 milligrams of CBD per milliliter. Each four participants received a placebo call. The others received 1 milliliter twice daily for a week, then double that dose

for 11 weeks. TBC is a psychoactive/CBD is communicating.

"The difference between us and Joe that sells marijuana across the street is that we actually have a purified, biologically active compound, and we add a scientifically valid experiment with our compound at a certain dose at a certain frequency and for a specific indication," Dr. Meuner said.

After two weeks, those receiving the treatment scored significantly lower on a standard agitation scale than those receiving the placebo. Independent clinicians found that 84 percent of those receiving the treatment showed improvement, compared with 35 percent of the placebo group.

After 12 weeks, the difference in scores was even greater, and clinicians found improvement for 87 percent of the treatment group, compared with 5 percent of the placebo group.

Mr. Gonzalez said that more the clinical trial ended, his father, who also lost Parkinson's, "is somewhat back to his self-defense," sometimes talking to the trainee and not sleeping as well as he did with the cannabinoid treatment.

"It's a desire that don't still have that available," Mr. Gonzalez said. "It actually worked."

The best and worst habits for your liver

Changes in your diet and lifestyle can help to lower your risk of disease

BY NINA AGARALL

The liver is a powerful organ: It filters our blood, helps maintain sugar levels, meets energy and plays an essential role in digestion.

A poor diet, a lack of exercise and other medical conditions can contribute to liver disease and liver cancer, both of which are on the rise globally.

It's often possible to prevent liver disease, or even reverse it, with diet and lifestyle changes alone. Here's what can help, as well as which habits might be causing harm.

THE WORST HABITS

DRAWING THE MEAN SCORES. Regular alcohol consumption, metabolic dysfunction or a combination of both can contribute to something called vitamins' liver disease. For accompanies in the liver and can lead to inflammation, scarring and cirrhosis, said Dr. Zebap Vaswani, chair of the Global Center for Liver Outcomes & Policy Research at Georgetown University School of Medicine.

In people with metabolic issues like Type 2 diabetes, the liver is a very recent abdominal fat, modest alcohol intake, and can only be used only for dyspepsia. Dr. Vaswani said. Binge drinking (remitting) five or more drinks on one occasion is the same.

For people with advanced liver disease, doctors recommend avoiding alcohol-dependent. But with milder or no disease, up to one drink per day may be ac-

ceptable, though more is better, said Dr. Mary Roedla, director of metabolic and fatty liver disease at the University of Chicago.

DIDDING TO IN SOME. Sugar is a holding block for fat formation in the liver. With too much of it, "the machinery gets overwhelmed," said liver cells become stressed. Dr. Moeller said, besides some more, which interacts with chronic overconsumption of sugar, also contributes to fat holding in the liver.

There's a wealth of evidence linking high sugar consumption, particularly from sugary beverages, to metabolic dysfunction-associated insomnia. liver disease, or NAALD, said Shira Zebap, is clinical dietitian and epidemiologist at the University of Haifa in Israel.

Added sugars like high fructose corn syrup, which is present in many other processed foods and herbs, are particularly damaging to the liver. Guidelines recommend women consume no more than 25 grams and may no more than 30 grams of added sugar daily.

BELONG ON SUPPLEMENTS. Dover Anderson, a clinical dietitian at Virginia Commonwealth University, said patients of ten and for about liver diseases, demand and supplements the cells inside and manliness coffee. There is little evidence that these unregulated products have any liver benefits, experts said. "Your liver is already you had'y's detoxification, women. It does not need a cleaner." Ms. Anderson said. And these products may cause harm if they contain unknown ingredients or excessive quantities of certain ingredients.

THE BEST HABITS

DIDDING TO IN SOME DONOVANCE A HEALTHY

WEAST. Losing weight can help reduce fat holding, inflammation and scarring in the liver. Just a 5 percent reduction is body weight can improve liver health markers, but 16 percent or more is needed to reverse scarring.

"GLP's drugs like Wigwry, which are approved to treat an advanced type of NAALD, have been 'a game changed'. Dr. Zebap-Sagi said. But they must be used in conjunction with exercise, par-

ticularly strength training, because muscle loss can worsen outcomes in people with NAALD.

Ongoing to at least 100 instances of aerobic activity per week, help reduce cholesterol for and insider resistance, Dr. Zebap-Sagi said.

ARING FOR A MEDITERRANEAN-STEAD DIET. The Mediterranean diet, which centers

on fresh fruits, vegetables, fish and legumes and is vital to healthy fats, has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death in people with nonalcoholic liver disease. It is low in saturated fats, which is a major cause of elderly and patients and can increase fat in the liver.

But it's not always practical to stick off the diet diet, experts acknowledge. Ms. Anderson said that while about 10 per patient follow a traditional laurberry diet, they can incorporate Mediterranean elements. "We can have celiest greens, cabbage, maybe a summer squash, a cucumber and onion salad," she said.

For parents she suggests adding fish or white meat and raising back on fatty acids and stear. She also encourages people to grill/cutter than 8/9, and to use butter only for flavoring.

Lastly, coffee (up to four cups a day) has been shown to extend studies to reduce fat and war formation in the liver, and is associated in humans with a lower risk of cirrhosis, Dr. Roedla said.

DISEASE OF ISI AND UNTRAINED CARE. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C are significant drivers of liver disease worldwide. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that all adults be screened at least once for hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Both can be treated. Adults should also be vaccinated against hepatitis B if they weren't in the best, Dr. Roedla said.

Primary care doctors can do these screenings. They can also evaluate your liver disease risk with being an essential role in the liver. The liver is a very weak, but it is not too large. It is not too large, but it is too large, but it is too large, but it is too large, but it is too large, but it is too large, but it is too large, but it is too large, but it is too large, but it is too large, but it is too large, but it is too large, but it is too large, but it is too large, but it is too large, but it is too large, but it is too large, but it is too large.

What makes this fiber supplement so popular?

ASR WELL

Taking psyllium husk could help address a wide variety of health issues

BY ALICE CALLAHAN

It seems like everyone is taking psyllium husk for a wide range of benefits. Does research suggest it's actually helpful? And the what?

It's been called "a miracle supplement for your gut," "natural's fountain," and "one of the most unattended supplements on the planet." Psyllium husk, a fiber-rich substance made from the seeds of a plant commonly grown in South Asia, has been gaining attention on social media, not only for its digestive benefits but for its help with cholesterol, blood sugar, weight loss and more.

Most supplements have free, if any, person health benefits. In psyllium husk an exception:

Psyllium husk contains high levels of misaluge, a type of soluble fiber that forms a gel when exposed to water.

The supplement is used in various forms, including as whole husks (usually in a cell with a coarse, fluffy texture), ground with a fine, flour-like consistency) and in capsules.

There are three main categories of potential benefits, some with more evidence than others:

Psyllium (the "go-to fiber supplement" for gastroenterologists, given that it has been shown to help with constipation and irritable bowel syndrome, said Dr. William S. Clay, chief of the U.S. biotechnology division at Michigan Medicine.

When it rounds through the stomach and intestine, it absorbs water and forms a viscous, gel-like substance, which adheres to the body's level and speeds its passage through the colon. The can help alleviate constipation, including in people with I.D.A.

Paradoxically, psyllium also helps with diarrhea, another common symptom of I.D.A., by shivering fluid in the gut, and flake of feathers, a abolition in the liver.

Because most gut microbes are poor or breaking down psyllium in a process that produces guts, the supplement needs to cause liver fibroblasts and cramping them many other fiber supplements, she said:

Research suggests that psyllium can lead to small reductions in cholesterol and blood sugar levels, said Penny Eric Kilmertz, a psyllium restriction nutrition sciences at New York.

The 1,000 analysis of 26 small fruits, most involving people with liver cholesterol, researchers found that those who took about 10 grams of psyllium per day for the liver also show that small chips in their LDL or "bad," cholesterol.

A 2024 review of studies, most of which included people with Type 2 diabetes or related health issues, found that taking psyllium reduced blood sugar levels slightly.

The fiber in psyllium binds to bile acids, which are made from cholesterol, in the intestines, increasing their excretion and helping to lower LDL cholesterol in the blood. Ms. Sucklas said, in the 1,000 analysis of 26 large fruits, most of which include the digestion of carbohydrates, causing more gradual absorption of glucose into the bloodstream and low diuretic blood sugar tablets.

There is very help people with high cholesterol or with Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes, Dr. Bob Kilmertz and Though, the "good" diet is not proven more benefits from eating plenty of fiber-rich foods like white grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, fruits and vegetables.

Because psyllium expands in the gut and takes the digestion of carbohydrates, it may help you feel full for as near as two after you take it, said Julia Lloyd, a dietitian at Basic General Surgery, who has been a regular visit does not generally translate to weight loss, she added.

In a 2024 review of 22 small trials, most involving adults classified as overweight or obese, are up that to found that taking psyllium was no different than taking a placebo when it came to any weight, body mass index or waist circumference.

It's best to get fiber from food, Ms. Lloyd said, that if you have certain conditions – like constipation, I.D.A., high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes or prediabetes – it can be worth consulting a doctor about trying psyllium, she said. The supplement also can help you reach the recommended 22 to 26 grams of fiber from food, if you're unable to get it from your diet alone, Ms. Lloyd added.

The diet is also in take every day. Dr. Clay said, that avoid consuming a less heavy intake or after taking medications, he said, because it may reduce their absorption.

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THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION

FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2020

13

Sports

Dominance confirmed with a fifth Tour win

PARIS

Tadej Pogacar's march to victory appeared to be inevitable from the start

BY JACOB WHITFIELD

THE APOLLO ST

The occupants of Tadej Pogacar's team can crack when he won on April 9 from. But Pogacar, now a five-time champion of the Tour de France, saw the win as he would say either victory.

"But now that every single journalist says how big this win is, maybe I'll start to realize it too," he said of his Stage 20 victory. his first ever on the Alps' most famous clinic. "Maybe I'll appreciate it once it settles down."

Pogacar's wins are like mayflies; they come in berries and live for a day, in his mind at least. He took five stage victories, bringing his Tour de France next to St. John dry at the second leader Mark Cavendish. Alps of those was his 36th win on a rebalancing finish — double that of Lucien Van Sique, his closest challenges.

And here is the big one: Pogacar, of Slovenia, joined Jacques Anquetil, Eddy Niercke, Bernard Micaud and Miguel Indurada with five Tour de France wins. It has already felt as if he belonged strong from for a while.

At 25:30 in the same age as when Indurada was his first, by all likelihood, Pogacar will go on to his later three — and even go past Lucien Armstrong's crossed sights of seven.

This Tour, which ended last Sunday, will be remembered as Pogacar in the midst of his majority — contention march to victory that felt all but assured within the first week. It was an unquestionable incident. The 1st that has caused before they reached the gates. The man astride the most was not a new version of Pogacar, but the final optimised evolution.

And yet, the beauty of a Grand Tour is the chapter's 3 contains. Within three three weeks, there was team sickness, disruptive bias night antidoying tests, a stand-patient and an unusual source of motivation.

Officially, the Tour's designers deny that its route is constructed with any rider in mind. But that can be hard to believe. This course would be corrected to prevent Pogacar from seizing an unavoidable load too early in the race, with just one stage in the high Pyrenees, and the next truly difficult natural finish are two years until Le Martineau on Stage 14.

"We made the finish as difficult as possible so the rather pricey road I've encountered before the end," says director Christian Prudhomme said when the route was announced.

And yet, by Stage 6, Pogacar already had a commanding lead. Clad in the

Tadej Pogacar during Stage 21 of the Tour de France, on route to his 18th overall victory. His Tour de France stage win percentage of 218 percent is sure the best in history.

world champion's rainbow jersey, he blew away the general classification contenders over the Cat de Tourmalet, gaining almost three minutes on Jesus Vingegaard. No emergent rival, by the finish at Caravane-Lisbre.

Pogacar named over the Tourmalet to take 30 seconds by the summit and 60 seconds more on the descent, and he twisted the knife by gaining another minute and a ball to end the race.

He was golly as he crossed the finish line, and for much of the evening, afterward, it was a striking contrast to his demeanor during the final week of last year's Tour.

A large part of that has been his relationship with Isaac and Tera, his 22-year-old teammate where Pogacar has mentioned. After accusing del Tuer's Stage 2 victory on Marquis, Pogacar appeared the happiest of his all-misses, conducting the crowd in chasm and dropping himself in the Mexican flag.

There are other reasons, too, behind Pogacar's mental revival this Tour. One

is his schedule. deliberately left lighter this year to reduce his workload, both physically and psychologically.

No compared is just one wedding stage over this year, the Tour de Suave, allowing him to concentrate on the spring Classics, a discipline Pogacar loves.

And he and his G.A.E. Team Emirates squad worked on specific best training over the past few years, which proved to be important for what was the hottest Tour in history.

That was just another example of one of Pogacar's greatest traits: to remember defeats and act on them. Because these defeats are so rare, they stick longer. The Tour de France stage win percentage of 218 percent is sure the best in history, going past Cavendish this year.

Not everything on the race was perfect for Pogacar. On July 18, he was awakened at 5 a.m. for an overnight antidoying test. Vingegaard had been tested three hours earlier.

Pogacar, unable to get back to sleep, listened to Eminans and he was himself a cup of coffee. The Plateau de Sabanes, later that day, would be the race's toughest climb since the Tourmalet.

Vingegaard never made it to the summit. He crushed in the final 20 kilometers (22 miles) of the stage. He refused to blame the aspect of timeliness from the drug test, though teammates, coaches and fellow riders all said it had been a contributing factor — a reminder of how capricious the race can be.

Pogacar dealt extensively with the topic in his news conference later that day, speaking in detail about the changes in blood-testing protocols, approaching the pathways of the doctors, and discussing whether nighttime testing is an invasion of rider privacy.

"I don't expect," he said. "I hope I will sleep after. I couldn't. It's a little bit strange, but I accept it if this is necessary to prove that we are riding closer, then I totally accept it. I commit to it."

Cycling's antidoying body, the Inter-

national Testing Agency, has said that "effective testing must, in limited and justified circumstances, be capable of occurring outside standard daytime hours."

Questions about Pogacar's performances are inevitable. He has been the sport's most dominant hero, and is at the vanguard of a generation belting climbing records set during the era of rampant drug use. For all the improvements in nutrition, technology and heat adaptation, memories of the sport's dirty era pervade — especially in a peloton where a number of team bosses and coaches had worked with teams that were implicated.

Pogacar has never failed a doping test, nor have any credible allegations ever been caused of wrongdoing. The tests were the talk of the Tour for 72 hours, but Pogacar won them lightly. A far bigger issue, as the race approached the Alps, was a gastrointestinal illness that swept through U.A.E. Team Emirates after the second test day.

Though there was speculation that he was also sick, Pogacar recovered all the questions asked of him on Alps of them, hoping from the patient at the foot of the climb in a bid to catch a breakaway three and a half minutes up the road. Nobody dared to follow.

He clawed back time by the head, eventually catching Richard Carapac and Lonely Martinez with four kilometers to go, and kicked clear in the final kilometer to take his 50th stage win, having ascended the famous climb in 35 minutes and 20 seconds. In total, he was five of the seven summit finishes. One day later, the yellow jersey turned downstages to help tell Tom onto the podium. He marked the attacks of the 20-year-old Frenchman Paul Scisza before del Toro was able to attack himself. Pogacar and del Toro crossed the finish line arm in arm.

Pogacar became the youngest rider to win five Tours, and he probably has six more seasons left in his prime.

At the start of the Tour, Pogacar had been asked about his hopes for del Toro at the race. "To win the Tour de France?" he replied.

Del Toro may be the next new name to take the yellow jersey, but Pogacar will not give it up easily.

"I'm not going to race much longer," Pogacar told Eurosport on Saturday. "He has incredible potential and talent to be my race."

The youngest rider to win five Tours, Pogacar probably has six more seasons left in his prime. For some, his dominance has a flip side; it provides been, invites questions and creates quality.

Other cyclists have experienced this, and more will experience it again. It was just six-satters ago when Pogacar was the 25-year-old novice emerging as the sport's most exciting talent.

Pogacar's motivation has always been somewhat inscrutable, and he has bristled on theories generated in him. The best answers: his love of racing, his love of riding and simply because he can. He has just three major races left to win: the Vanita a España, Olympic gold and Paris-Buchau, but only the last appears in bold major cachet for him.

It was understood in the Tour's final kilometers run the celebrations of Paris, as Pogacar swapped turns with Mathieu van der Poel toward a dream win on the Champs-Elysées. Was this not supposed to be commercial? Leave riders were already tipping the champagne.

As he tied up in the last 800 meters (half-mile), it was his body, not his mind, giving up the stage. Even that was a surprise.

This Tour proved that Pogacar is not motivated by making history. Regardless, he is on track to complete it.

The Mini Crossword

ACROSS

1 With 8 Across and 1 Down, grow from your own evolution 2 Video game section 3 Figure shaking dues 4 ...Pogacar (meatest brand) 5 See 1 Across

DOWN

1 See 1 Across 2 Like the surreal walls of Hingley Field 3 Extremely 4 Letters capitalized in this case 5 Sports eng. by Nelly Korda

ANSWER TO PREVIOUS PUZZLE

1	2	3	4	5
6	7	8	9	10
11	12	13	14	15
16	17	18	19	20
21	22	23	24	25
26	27	28	29	30
31	32	33	34	35

Two Not Touch

Put two stars in each row, column and region of the grid. No two stars may touch, but even diagonally.

Brain Tickler

What classical composers' name can go in the blank to complete a familiar word?

A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PUZZLE BY WILL BORDER

YESTERDAY'S LADDER: A. L. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A.

KenKen

Fill the grid with digits as an not to repeat a digit in any row or column, and so that the digits within each heavily outlined box will produce the target number shown, by using addition, subtraction, multiplication or division, as indicated in the box. A 4-std grid will use the digits 1-4. A 5-std grid will use 1-6.

For more games: www.nytimes.com/games

1. 2017年1月1日，公司与上海浦东发展银行股份有限公司签订了《关于使用部分闲置募集资金进行现金管理的协议》。

Crossword | Edited by Will Shortz

ACROSS 1 Withholding something? 4 It's poor! 5 Short type 6 See work? 7 Screen name 8 Tennis had involving four consecutive major tournament wins in two calendar years 9 Grimo 10 Home, for example 11 Energy source for database runners 12 World Economic Forum, e.g., for short? 13 Topping 14 Style secured with a scratches 15 Tables or massage 16 Twists of fate, etc. 17 Pharyngitis does 18 Exuding joy 19 Meet hell for neither 20 Cry when shaking hands

ANSWER TO PREVIOUS PUZZLE

DOWN

1 Plate-sized pastry 2 Appening chorus 3 Danger-La 4 Make one 5 Sual of Father County: Aisle 6 British counterpart to "Share Sank"

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

52 Tech mogul

African

54 Certain shot,

collapsally

55 "Moods up!"

56 "Moods up!"

57 "Moods up!"

58 "Moods up!"

59 "Moods up!"

60 "Hill's

61 "Hill's

62 "Hill's

63 Brief periods

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

May all of our games plus over 25,000 paid puzzles for Words, Spelling Bee, The Crossword and more online at http://nytimes.com/games. For puzzle talk, visit http://nytimes.com/wordplay

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14 | FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2026

THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Culture

A champion of Trump's vision for Washington

WASHINGTON

White House culture case is an artist who has made films and influential ads

BY EACHAY HALL

Matthew Taylor officially holds one role in the Trump administration as a senior adviser at the National Endowment for the Humanities, but he has quietly become a key player behind many of the president's held initiatives to transform Washington and its cultural legacy.

This year, President Trump appointed Taylor to the Commission of Fine Arts, a federal agency that removes government concentrations in Washington, to rubber-during approvals for projects such as the White House ballroom and the world's tallest triumphal arch. He secured a role overseeing the National Garden of American Borders, which would include the introduction of 150 new statues in the capital.

Taylor consulted on the White House's working report about the Smithsonian, which accused the National Museum of American History of presenting "extreme ideological activities." And he was a constant presenter at the U.S. Freedom in the Venice Biennale, where he appeared alongside the curator in orange aviator sunglasses and a Super Mario Bros. hat.

Unlike other culture cases for the administration who have quickly come and goes, Taylor has an artistic background that makes him a distinct and persistent champion of the president's vision.

He is a District Discharge director with a degree in sculpture. He is a filmmaker behind right-wing documentaries produced by Taylor & Bannon and the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Ruth Pettit. He is a campaign strategist who hates podcasts and makes exact notes.

"He is a key one first and then he is a conservative," Bannon said. "We don't have enough of these people on our side."

Vince Haley, the director of the White House's Domestic Policy Council, asked Taylor to help fulfill the president's desire to contribute the capital's cultural isolation.

"Matthew Taylor is absolutely committed to elevating beauty in the arts and culture and showcasing the best of American creative genius to the world," Haley said.

Blacks away from the White House, Taylor's handbooks is an display. Under the Hearing last fall series, he unveiled 21 statues of soldiers and Revolutionary women that he designed to commemorate a 500 million remonstrers of Freedom Plans. "A new text of American liberty," he said on Bannon's talk show, pointing to a statue of a woman holding the Declaration of Independence in one hand and a crowd owned in the other.

In a filmmaker, Taylor has been producing statues of a small radio. He has directed a funded documentary about Discharge, the publisher of conceptual science, and a different name, M.A. Taylor, he has presented conspiracy theories and played an instrumental role in

The New York Times International Edition

some of the most influential videos in modern political history.

He edited the relationship ad that characterized John Kerry, a a flip-finger while he was the Democratic presidential candidate in 2004. And he was the editor and cinematographer of "Hillary: The Movie," which the Federal Election Commission said could not be aired on television in 2006 because of election rules. That dispute led to the Supreme Court ruling known as Citizens United, which ended political spending limits for corporations.

Over the past decade, Taylor has remained consistent about seeing art and politics as two sides of the same coin.

"He is still one of the best editors I have ever seen," said Bannon, who credited Taylor with developing the opening sequence of his film about the 2008 financial crisis, "Constricted Zero."

Taylor, who declined to comment, describes himself online as a "conceptual artist, filmmaker and messaging strategist." Over the past decade, he has remained consistent about seeing art and politics as two sides of the same coin.

"To sell a candidate to simply to sell a concept," Taylor said during a 2010 lecture to which he compared politicians to nearly marks, manufactured press like a actual or bicycle wheel that Discharge nonadvertisers their original content and indebted an artworks simply by calling them in.

"What we do is we communicate with

the public that our pay (the proverbial table) is art in a way," he said during the lecture for the American Association of Political Consultants. "We still ideas by messaging thoughts. We tap into our audience! hearts and their minds the exact same way you sell a rough made."

"He or she is not a candidate or a cause but a set of conceptual principles elevated above all in the a given belief."

Taylor, 41 developed his interest in conceptual art as an undergraduate at Washington University in St. Louis, where he earned a bachelor's degree in sculpture. But shortly after graduating in 2002, he entered political communications as part of the 2004 Bush-Cheavy re-election campaign.

The three began working with the conservative nonprofit Citizens United while helping Republican candidates on their 2008 midterm campaigns. One of the documentaries he worked on with that group was called "Border War: The Battle Over Illegal Immigration" and was produced by Bannon.

Taylor worked on several projects with Bannon through the 2000s and 2010s, and had a broadest moment an editor of "Hillary: The Movie" this 2010 differential follow-up. "Climate Cuts," was an adaptation of a book that accused the State Department under Hillary Clinton of giving forces to foreign entities that made payments to the Clinton Foundation and her husband. A spokesman for Clinton's president's campaign told The New York Times that no one "has ever produced a friend of evidence supporting the theory."

"Taylor steeped his love of cinema with sculpture and balance in develop a

The New York Times International Edition

unique perspective on messaging to broad audiences," Taylor's biography says on the website of a consulting group he founded with his son, UnYouTube, he has uploaded short artistic films like "Dreaders," which demonstrates his conceptual approach to filmmaking.

Taylor also worked as a media strategist in the 2010 presidential election, as part of a PvC that supported Ted Crandall, later, Trump. But instead of joining the new administration, Taylor continued to make documentaries with conservative calling points. The "image direction" The Urinary Line," a 2010 novel directed by Taylor that an unanatomized companion like Facebook and Google of supporting conservative voices, as a

Matthew Taylor, known and right of the U.S. Freedom for the Venice Biennale: this year, has become a key player behind many of President Trump's initiatives to transform Washington and its cultural legacy. He designed 21 statues that are being used by President Clinton, Pluto, left, including one he has seen as new text of American liberty."

"conceptional playbook for right-wing arch handouts."

He also spent years developing "Marcel Discharge, our of the Possible," interviewing artists like Marina Abramovic, Jeff Breen, and Carolee Schnermann. That 2020 film was some applause, with Taylor doing an interview for the Golden Globes' digital publication, and ART-news describing the documentary as "smart, searching and sophisticated."

"It presented Discharge with a lot of personality," said David Piperni, whose distribution company handled sales of the film.

Taylor has continued to reinvent himself in the art world, producing a make value for a British copper who he was interviewed under the pseudonym De Buren, a fictional pedcaster in a well-trimmed hat. The performance was part of an art collective that he and his wife created called Take Vienna — its motto: "The revelation is dead. Long does the revelation" — with plans to develop film and television series.

A White House spokesman called Taylor "a performance artist across many platforms and an avid Dischargues."

After his introductory conversation with Haley, the Domestic Policy Council director, last year, Taylor landed a job in Washington at the National Endowment for the Humanities. By July 2025, Taylor was driving across the country to enter into a brick twohemes.

A few weeks later, Taylor's wife and business partner, Michelle Taylor, posted a screenshot on Instagram of an article in The Wall Street Journal headlined "White House to Vet Smithsonian Mammals in It's Trump's Historical Volume."

"The reason we moved from Austin to Dr."—he wrote in the past, which included two stories that flags: "The storylines are all coming together."

Last month, the American Policy

Council released a report about the Smithsonian that said the National Museum of American History was operating "radical actions ideology" with pre-producing that war "anti-white," "pre-illegal alien" and "pre-abortion." The leader of the Smithsonian pushed back against the report, saying it was "not a fair characterisation" of the massacre work, which he said was "driven by scholarship, accuracy and an uncompromising commitment to tell the fullness of the industry."

The massacre director was called before a House subcommittee last week and questioned by Republican members about whether the should keep her job, given the weight of findings. Last Friday, Trump ordered warning signs and exhibits installed outside the museum to alert the public that the institution does not, in his view, accurately reflect American history.

Two people with knowledge of Taylor's work in Washington, speaking on condition of adequacy in what approach him for administration, said Taylor told them he was involved with the report. When asked about its authorship, the White House spokesman said Taylor "didn't write a word."

During Taylor's time within the Trump administration, he has also heard ways of increasing his artistic profile. As the film F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts looked this year to lift programming gaps created by Trump's takeover, it turned in part to Taylor and his documentaries.

He had screening of his Discharge documentary as well as "Gotham: The Fall and Rise of New York," a 2022 film produced by a longtime president of the center of the Manhattan Institute that attributed New York's improved reputation in the 1990s to Republican leaders like Mayor Rudolph N. Graham.

The Kennedy Center labeled his films "Extraordinary Cinema."

The fear hasn't changed in five decades

THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION

'A Chorus Line' taught us an evergreen lesson about performers' pain

BY HILDA GIBB

How much has "A Chorus Line" changed in 50 years? Or, rather, how much has it changed as?

If you want to measure the musical against your memories, you could pay over to Barrington Stage Company in Pittsfield, Mass., where the director Alan Paul is celebrating its golden anniversary. (Technically the Pulitzer Prize-winning masterpiece in 25 years old, it premiered at the Public Theater in New York in the spring of 1975 and moved to Broadway that summer.)

"A Chorus Line" has many authors. Marvin Bairdock wrote the music. Edward Elohan wrote the lyrics, and credit for the book belongs to James Kinnears and Nicholas Olson. But the stories themselves originated with real Broadway dancers — none of whom are in the program — who participated in interview sessions with Michael Bennett, the director, about young director, executive and choreographer.

Bennett does about them in audition to play, music and the dancers. Not everyone made the cut. And some other than the author carried out, he quickly paycheck tapped out around $10,000 per year, even when the show was aired. He was aired by a few more times in its tissues. We taste the mold in good cheeses. One wine can taste of dirt. And in the sumptuous "A Chorus Line," the terrier is that.

The cast of "A Chorus Line" in a new production performed by the Barrington Stage Company in Pittsfield, Mass., to celebrate the musical's golden anniversary.

The musical consists of one long dance audition, which becomes a kind of episodic confectionary. The director Zach Chavez-Bruelock, the Bennett before him, wants to hear the auditioning dancers talk about the personal stuff. He asks questions like, "What made you start dancing?" "What do you do if you can't dance anymore." They all have answers for the first question, that last one is one crest to contemplate.

There are some standard perform-

sance: Jean Fiffrerurs Val delivers a nicely vicious "Dance: You: Loves: Three," about a bit that sure has to the plastic挡板 in a bigger room. "A much had it finally charismatic Riche dances an already strong company off the stage. The finest monologue is the climax, in which a dancer named Paul Lee excellent Rick Pepery can come to his parents accidentally seeing him in a drag cover. After scaling these vulnerable heights, Paul then lands wrong in a jump and blows out his knee.

In Pittsfield, the dancing is touching, the singing is strong, but the dialogue seems reveal certain weaknesses in the play. "A Chorus Line's music," as the director, Paul does a lovely job, though, of explaining the show's abundant candor and anguish. Parker Eiver has beautifully resigned Bennett's chorus reply, originally recreated with Bob Arnott, and that warframe racials, duads a still daughty thrilling.

The original creators clearly believed that the show's pregnancy rests

with the character Cassie (Deanna Cudger) — they gave her a levelers back story with Zach and an extended dance show. "We thank and the Mirror," in the interviewing 25 years, answers the romantic appeal of a coercive director but we're all. Chavez-graphically speaking, too, Cassie's music is something who has learnt peezy. Bennett and Arnott reserved their against brilliance for the musical gestures, like the kick-like that turns the dancers' legs into a row of flashing

knives, swished by killers at the lip of the dark stage.

And as the occasional fulcrum actually rests on the performer Paul and his destroyed knee, The last that Paul appears in the ecstatic reprise of "One" — in which individuals at rehearsal clashes are subsumed, the first published Beatty Berkeley Institute,

makes the funds feel like an exciting nightmare. "A Chorus Line's music is a must not be real. And this quality of a bad dream is all not familiar. I don't want to hear about how Broadway's things," doesn one defiant dancer. You could write that line today.

Choreographers say that their job is like being a "part who has to pay the alphabet," he "A Chorus Line," the new Bannon lineup at the front of the stage. "I'm mildly sure that an illustrious A.M." — as the characters hold up their headlines, the bodies below are majuscles, miniscule, field, kids. According to my program, there are also 10 named characters, which doesn't feel like a coincidence.

So what is the message that they're spoiling out? Music of the time, it's an SOS. (Third lives are, literally, on the line.) "A Chorus Line" celebrates artists' commitment while demonstrating — both at the story level and in the way the script itself was assembled — how easy it is to bully or exploit them. It teaches us to use through perfection to the real characters it, and it's a lesson that's hard to unseen.

Bennett's work has certainly changed how I see any spectacle with an ensemble. The more exact the syndrome, the worse known for a particular, the more I wonder if the dancers are suffering. I mean, of course they are. For five decades, this show has been telling so exactly that.

---

THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION

FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2020 | 15

CULTURE

Johnny Depp attempts his next act

SAN DIEGO

Paramount is betting that audiences are ready to re-embrace the star

By ISRO TOSCHKOV

It's the biggest Hollywood comeback campaign in memory: Johnny Depp's attempt to return to movie superstar-lines.

A decade after allegations of domestic abuse (which he denied) met Depp's Hollywood career into a downward spout — an unraveling that culminated in a hard 2022 defamation trial — Paramount (Pictured is betting that audiences are ready to re-embrace him. The studio is making Depp the face of its Thanksgiving offering, "Ebencore: A Christmas Carol."

"The secret of studio remains," Paramount proclaims in the film's teaser trailer, released last week. It then cuts to a heavily made-up Depp as Ebenezer Scrooge, all but breaking the fourth wall, Depp range. "It's good to be luck!" It will be Depp's first Hollywood movie in nearly eight years, over since William H. Kline, director of the "Kastarin Beasts" franchise and Disney abandoned talks with him for a sixth "Prizmo of the Caribbean" movie. At the defamation trial, where Depp accused

his former wife Amber Heard of damaging his reputation and career by falsely portraying him as an abuser, his manager testified that the star stood to turn about $22.5 million to reprise his "Prizmo" star as Capt. Jack Sparrow. (He says the star.)

Will parents be willing to take their children to see him to whether there's one of the catharsis quintessential movies of many enterprises? Large number of one I know Depp as much from the defamation trial, which be-

came a TikTok phenomenon, an Iron Ink films. Will they turn out to see him in theaters?

The "Ebencore" trailer attracted more than six million views on Paramount's main YouTube account in its first 24 hours. If Paramount succeeds, will other studios — perhaps even image-conscious Disney — make deals with him again? Depp, whose acting was limited to one of Depp's films in recent years, already has a second major movie: In March, Lionsgate will release

"Day Drinker," a supernatural action movie co-capturing Penelope Cruz. He received an estimated $10 million for the role.

"I do see a path for him, particularly because Hollywood needs this comeback," said Miranda Banks, a professor of film, television and media studies at Lorelei Marymount University in Los Angeles. "There's an incredible lack of compelling A-kiners who can open them as a worldwide buyer."

Paramount declined to comment, as

Tag: In character as Scrooge, Johnny Depp presented his film "Ebencore: A Christmas Carol" at Comic-Con International to San Diego last week. Left, fans crowded in for his surprise appearance, many dressing as Depp characters, above. The film will be Depp's first Hollywood movie in nearly eight years, after allegations of domestic abuse (which he denied) and a brief 2022 defamation trial next his career into a downward spout.

did representatives for Depp.

The studio started its campaign for Depp in April, when it brought the actor enough at CovenacCon, a convention for theater owners, Depp said that it had been an "extraordinary privilege" to play Scrooge, a character he had "been obsessed with since I was a little child." Attendees gave him a standing ovation.

The public phase of the studio's campaign began last Thursday at Comic-Con International, the annual convention for pop culture enthusiasts in San

Diego. Paramount marketers had Depp, dressed in full Scrooge costume, triplets with bunky sidebones and prostheticians, appear at an elaborate evacuation of a 16th-century London "counting house."

As fans snow drilled down from the building's roof and cavities in Dickensian path sang "O Christmas Tree," Depp appeared outside and offered a nearly 1m plaster-tale on the original Circuit. "We're not you, any way, we're you want?" he said to the crowd of roughly

400 people that had gathered on Fifth Street, the convenience main drug.

On how you, Johnny? several people screamed in response. One woman yelled, "there my baby."

Depp screeled in disgust. "Handing," he shouted, morning back inside. He played this game for about an hour, returning without warning to the street and verbally partying with Comic-Con attendees. Some had come dressed as Depp characters like Edward Schuachnade, the Mad Baber and Wife Wanda, ("How do you go won-won?" Depp's Scrooge said in the Schuachnade fellow.)

"Controversies aside, I really like him," Richard Pate, 32, said of Depp as the marketing must began. "I definitely want to check out this movie, which is not of a surprise because 'A Christmas Carol' on its own is not exciting." Pate, a catering chef, said he was eager to see the collaboration between Depp and the film's director. To West, whose "X"ology theme films are known for their striking visuals.

Moody Baker, 40, a lobbyist from Chicago, was standing nearby. "This seems like a smart film for Depp in it," she said. "It's a beloved story, and I honestly didn't even recognize him as first in the Scrooge costume," she said.

Would any lingering intricte from Depp's divorce from Board and the subsequent trial process Baker from buying a ticket? "All of that definitely plays in the book of my brain when I think about him, but I will still go see this movie," Baker said.

Pulling by the National Research Group, a film industry consultancy, suggests Depp remains a powerful show. In the first 2000s, several global investigator surveys, released in April, respondents ranked Depp seventh among stars they said would make them "used innovation" in seeing a new movie in a cinema in the future." Tom Croise, Brad Pitt and Leonardo DiCaprio occupied the first three spots. Ranking immediately before Depp were Tom Banks, Ruane Reeves and Scarlett Johansson.

Depp's Q score, a measurement of a story's blacklisty, has increased lately. In 2015 before Howell accoutrears, 30 percent of adults surveyed by the Q-Screen Company viewed him positively. That number fell to 10 percent in 2022. By early this year, it regains to 27 percent. (The average for a male star in the most recent survey was 24 percent.)

When "Ebencore" arrives on Nov. 31, it will be the first adaptation of the Charles Johnson novella for multiposmonics 2009, when Jim Carey started an Scrooge in "Ebony's A Christmas Carol." That 1209 million motion-capture film received poor reviews and collected only $125 million worldwide, about half of which Disney had to share with theaters.

"Ebencore," which also stars Rupert Grist, Dusty Bailey and Ian McMahan, will have plenty of competition at the Thanksgiving See office, but it doesn't need to be classification to the cittautical success. The film cost only an estimated $10 million to make, after accounting for six credits from Britain, where it was filmed. Depp accepted a substantially reduced against salary — roughly $5 million — to encourage a single share of revenue if the movie succeeds.

Viral rivals

BOOK REVIEW

Albert Sabin: The Life of a Polio Vaccine Pioneer By Kaiser Targhots, Yale University Press. 390 pp. $18.

BY DAVID OSWINSKY

Twenty years ago, the National Museum of American History held an exhibition titled "Whatever Happened to Polio?" It focused on Jesus Salls, whose routine helped the world as a whistling virus that crippled and killed tens of thousands of children to the baby boom era following World War II. Salls became a national crisis, our first homegrown celebrity scientist. His face adorned the cover of Time magazine, Numerous biographies appeared. When people speak of polio today, it's Salls they remember.

"The database are not to marginalize the contributions of others, none more so than Albert Sabin, whose competing polio vaccine proved essential in controlling the disease. Sabin remained in the shadows for several reasons, including his near demanace and the fact that Salls's vaccine came out before his son, Kaiten Targhots," Albert Sabin. The Life of a Polio Vaccine Pioneer" is the first written biographic to appear. It does full justice to one of medicine's forgotten giants.

He was then African Superstars in Blaphofa, Russia, in 1998, and his earliest senescence included the anti-anemic pogroms that ended the region with exorbitant popularity. His family had to have lost a little conflict with Paterson, N.J., an immigrant stronghold known as "Sills City" for the textile factories that lived for Russian River. African renewal high school with a new name, Albert Sabin, and a modest goal of finding steady work in the mills.

His place changed when a relative

agreed to pay his way to New York University in exchange for a promise that Sabin put his dental practice following graduation. Sabin loved the science but heard dentistry. He was a scholarship to the N.Y.U. School of Medicine, one of the few plants that didn't receive Jewish applicants. At Yale, for example, the death's terriore items were remarkably precise: "Never admit more than five Jews, take only two Italian Catholics, and take one Blacks at all." For Sabin — and later for Salls — N.Y.U. was the only game it took.

Sabin's early career cemented his reputation as a gifted researcher, but a troubled colleague. It reached the point, says Targhots, where his mentors felt compelled to warn prospective employers. While working at the prestigious Rockefeller Institute, Sabin received a lucrative offer from the Children's Hospital of Cincinnati, where he'd spend more at his court. The key recommendation came from Tom Rivers, the assistant-coupled hospital director, who concluded: "He has a very hard time getting along with people here, but he is a person!"

Cincinnati proved a good fit. Given ample laboratory space and a ಸುದ್ದy budget, Sabin concentrated on the citizens. He also knew a bit about polio. The key difference in the late 1950s was its emergence in epidemic form in Western nations like the United States. Sabin speculated that polio was a disease of disociations. As sanitation improved, children were less likely to be exposed (and more often seconded) as infants. Squalot, he believed, could sometimes protect against disease.

Targhots, an epidemiologist who worked at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for more than 25 years, is a sure guide to the breakthrough that made Sabin's work possible. Researchers discovered that there are three types of polioviruses,

Albert Sabin. His vaccine proved essential in controlling polio but it was more fast, whose vaccine came out before Sabin's, who is today remembered as an American icon.

that all could be safely grown in a laboratory, and that they enter through the mouth, reptures in the gut and see the bloodstream to reach the nervous system, where the damage occurs. The obvious solution was a vaccine.

Two-trial versions emerged — an injected, killed-virus vaccine developed by Salls, and an oral, live-virus vaccine championed by Sabin. Salls's was one ploy to produce; it didn't require the delicate balancing act that occurs with live viruses, which must be strong enough to produce a natural infection

in the body without triggering a full-blown case of the disease. Salls tested his vaccine in 1954, in what stands as the largest public health experiment at American history. More than a million schoolchildren participated, representing the oral vaccines, where a possible placebo. A private charity, the March of Dimes, provided the funding and can the rivals.

The positive results turned Salls into a superstar, much to the displeasure of other polio researchers who viewed Sabin, for all his nasty Master, as the

superior scientist with the better product. (Tom Rivers referred to Sabin as "the smart Jew" and Salls as "the young Jew".) It confirmed matters. Sabin couldn't rest in the United States because so many children had already received the Salls vaccine. But in 1958, at the height of the Cold War, the Eurasian and the U.S. State Department gave him permission to run trials in the Soviet Union, where polio was rampant. Nearly 78 million real doses were consumed, and the early reports were glowing. The vaccine was "close to 100 percent effective"—the dangerous side effects were listed. It was stronger than Salls's vaccines and easier to add more. Who wouldn't choose a sugar cube over a painful injection?

Sabin's vaccine was fully licensed in the United States in 1962. The number of confirmed polio cases in 1960 causing permanent paralysis or death could at 2,525 — a dramatic drop from 1,000 to 15,200 in 1952, before Salls's vaccine became available. By the end 1970s, that figure had dropped below 10, thanks largely to Sabin's laboratory magic. What seemed on the stage of creation?

Sabin's predominant success did little to quell the personal demons. Fortunately, the most recent play psychology, the portrait of Sabin's private life is both strangleful and painful to read. We had multiple affairs. He discovered family members with verbal abuse. He was a rich killed herself by placing a plastic bag over her head. His second wife quickly realized her mother had divorced him. He remained so distant from his two daughters that he cut them from his will. His gads were science and self-promotion, not necessarily to that order.

Salls, who remained an enduring target, Sabin never stopped befitting him, even leading a successful campaign to deny Salls admission to the elite National Academy of Sciences. "I

could go into the kitchen and do what he did," Sabin sneered.

Both men died — Sabin in 1993, Salls in 1995 — with Sabin the apparent virtue. But his vaccine had a fuss that became clearer over time. In rare instances, the astounded version reverted to virulence, causing polio in the vaccinated child. Sabin vehemently denied the danger, but Targhots certainly intimates that he knew. During the Russian trials, she writes, several scientists had abroad him to the problem. He responded by persuading them to remain silent for the good of the vaccination program.

In 2000, the CDC, removed Sabin's live-virus vaccine from its immunization schedule, replacing it with a modern version of Salls's killed-virus vaccine. There was no denying the obvious: Sabin's vaccine was no longer worth the idea but unpalable risk it posed. Polio could never be eradicated when it was derived cases kept papering up.

Whatever Happened to Polio? The widow of an administration of a more powerful Salls vaccine successfully killed the first of the United States and beyond. But spots remain in remote regions of Asia and Africa, where the children are small than the others, and where the Sabin vaccine is still favored because of its low cost and easy delivery. The irony is that it will take both vaccines to completely eradicate the disease. The Salls vaccine is where it still circulates, Salls's to finish it off. An emigran that must have both men opening in their graves.

David Oshinsky, director the division of medical humanities at the N.Y.U. Grossman School of Medicine. His family became the "Salls' Avian" in 1997, which won the Pulitzer Prize for history and "Infinites. Three Centuries of Medicine and Mayhem at America's Most Normal Hospital."

---

16 | FRIDAY, JULY 31, 2026

THE NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL EDITION

LIVING

The distillery at Mount Vernon makes a variety of whiskey styles, including aged and snaged rye. Above, from left: bottles of rye; some of the 10th-century equipment used by distillers; a reproduction of an 18th-century pot still; the water wheel that powers the mill.

Spirits that keep rising, long after '76

Washington's distillery at Mount Vernon returned to productive life in 2001

BY GLAY KUHN

When George Washington left the presidency in 1787, he may have brought his political career to a close, but he didn't stop working. He returned to his Virginia estate, Mount Vernon, where he opened what would become his final legacy: a distillery.

At the encouragement of his Scotch-born farm manager, James Anderson, Washington bought a set of copper mills to turn the extra grain prices on his expansion farm into whiskey, 4 t/s of whiskey. Within a year the Mount Vernon distillery was one of the largest in the country, primarily producing rye.

"Two hundred gallons of Whiskey will be ready this day," he wrote to his nephew William Washington in 1799. "The sooner it is taken the better, as the demand for this article (in these parts) is brisk."

George Washington died later that year, and the building burned down soon after. Its remnants are forgotten until 2005, when a group of distilling companies teamed up with Mount Vernon and the Distilled Spirits Council of the United States, a trade group, to bring it back it as a working distillery.

Today, the crossword distillery operates with the same tools and techniques as its 10th-century predecessor. While its output is influential compared with a giant like Jack Daniel's, the mere reminder that Washington himself was a distiller put a presidential imprimatur on American whiskey in the late 1800s, just as sales of the domestic product began to boom.

"The only thing that would have been better would have been if they found out that the miracle of Cans was whiskey and our wine," said Frank Coleman, a former senior vice-president at the Distilled Spirits Council, who helped organize the project.

Its focus on rye whiskey was especially steady, causing just as bartenders were rediscovering classic rye-centered cocktails, bringing the spirit back to life after decades of neglect.

This year, Mount Vernon is marking the 20th anniversary of the distillery's groundbreaking, along with the coun-

The distillery at Mount Vernon is a close replica of the original building, which burned down soon after George Washington's death in 1799. Its remnants are forgotten until 2005.

try's 250th birthday, with a series of limited-edition releases. They include a seven-year-old cash strength fourteen drawn from just two barrels, distilled and aged an size.

That Washington would build a distillery on his farm was not unusual. Most farmers knew that the best thing to do with excess fruit and grain was to turn them into spirits, which were not only shelf-stable but in high demand at a time when the average American consumed the equivalent of three gallons

(11 liters) of pure alcohol per year.

"We have records of 11,000 gallons of whiskey produced at Mount Vernon," before Washington's death, said Jeremy Ray, who reversed historical interpretation at the estate. "That makes it the largest whiskey distiller in the United States."

Hundreds of people were enslaved at Mount Vernon, and Washington and his farm manager put five of them to work making whiskey. The distillery now explores that history on its guided tours,

citing the enslaved men and boys who worked there by name: James, Perry Nat, Daniel and Timothy.

Operating a distillery was hard, hot, dangerous work, involving scalding steam, heavy barrels and long hours starting mark. The five mills sat in a row inside a two-story stone-and-tonber building, and when all five were running, the air inside was trifling.

The resulting whiskey went straight into a barrel and straight to market. It was clear and fiery, though the whole-

salers who bought it might have added fruit and spices to soften its bite. Most of it was sold through taverns, either as drinks or to jugs to take home. Whiskey back then was an anonymous commodity; no one asked for Washington's whiskey by name. And none of it survives, so there's no definitive way to know how it tasted.

Still, there were plenty of clues. Along with letters and other records, archaeological digs found here marks and indentations on the distillery grounds that

showed how the interior probably looked.

The initial idea to rebuild came from the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, which operates the town. They contacted the Distilled Spirits Council, which quickly raised 10.5 million from its members, including heavyweights like Diages, Brown-Forman and Makar's Mark.

The companies also lost their expertise in the form of master distillers, including Lincoln Henderson of Woodford Reserve and Dave Pickett of Makar's Mark. Over the years that it took to get the distillery operating, they made trips to Mount Vernon in offer advice and make sure the final product was worthy of Washington's name.

Most 10th century farmers know that the best thing to do with excess fruit and grain was to turn them into spirits.

The team originally intended the distillery to be more of a moment, with a small still for demonstration purposes. But after a series of high-profile public events, including the release of a George Washington blend of whiskeys made by different distilleries, they decided to go bigger.

Venezuela Copper and Brass Works, a Louisville, Ky., company that makes distillery equipment, provided five commercials with using 10th-century designs. Following an industry tradition, the mills all received women's names: Maggie, Anne, Elizabeth, June and Helen.

Mount Vernon no longer grows its own grain. Instead, it buys rye, corn and wheat from Virginia farmers. The grains are ground in a water-powered still.

Most of the whiskey produced at the distillery is sold at the Mount Vernon gift shop or online, though a small amount realies it into stores in Virginia and Washington.

Even many spectators enjoy seeing the distillery as part of their visit to Mount Vernon, because it highlights a side of the first president that is often overlooked.

"Everybody knows about George Washington, the president, the statesman, but not many people know about his entrepreneurial side," said Lisa Hawkins of the Distilled Spirits Council. "This was a great way to show that."

An ambitious effort yields a decadent payoff

These butter rice cakes with a crisp crust have taken the internet by storm

BY KATLA ROANG

Digging into a recipe, ingredient by ingredient, is my favorite part of the job of simply a recipe in place. Often, it's easy to predict how they'll act and adjust accordingly. Sometimes, though, a recipe can feel impossible to crack. Enter butter rice cakes.

Manufacture as Shanghai butter stechi and butter fresh, butter rice cakes are a style of stechi that are easily sweet and simply hearty. They have taken the internet by storm, especially in Karoo, As with many viral recipes, this one's history is vague. The cakes are often attributed to bakeries around Shanghai. One theory credits a baker in Haikang, China, just north of Shanghai, who combined the traditional Chinese rice cake stein pie with suitably French lunches. Other influences may be Hawaiian butter stechi and Filipino bilangus, though their ingredients and cooking methods differ, their history are similar.

Cutting up with a version for home cooks that was browned and crisp on the outside while still beauty and hattery in the center when baked in a muffin tin was ambitious.

Early on, I used a final-flavor made, a part, with tapioca flour and a good amount of milk. But these cakes separated from the pan and browned unevenly. I knew I needed a dessert batter, so I loosened the milk. The tapioca was eventually replaced with more mechiles, so suggested by Genevieve Ko, my editor, who had found results could vary from brand to brand of tapioca flour.

To ensure that crisp bakers crust, the batter is baked in a well-buttered tin. But exactly how much batter to use was hard to gauge. At first, thinking the writer from the batter was stressing the bottoms. I cut back. Instead, the little batter made the crust hard, while still unevenly browned. A generous, almost excessive, amount of batter was needed.

The most important piece to the puzzle, though, was the baking pan. After testing exclusively in a nonstick muffin tin, the more even browning came from an uncooked pan. In a nonstick muffin pan, the batter proved more likely to spread unevenly.

It took over a dozen tests for the recipe to take its final shape, but it felt to credible when it did.

The resulting meals have deeply naturalized costs that produce that additive. A.N.B.P., French and give way to their beauty, chewy center, live the best texture, enjoy these while still warm. A drizzle of condensed milk makes them all the better.

BUTTER RICE CAKES

TIME: 1 HOUR 15 MINUTES TELEX WORKS 1 1000TH

• 10 tablespoons/140 grams unsalted butter
• ½ cup/500 grams granulated sugar
• 2 teaspoons vanilla extract
• 1 teaspoon honey
• ¼ teaspoon fine sea salt
• 1 large egg, at room temperature
• 1 cup/224 grams whole milk
• 2½ cups/270 grams mechiles (sweet rice flour)

1. Heat oven to 400 degrees with a rack in the middle.

2. Heat the butter in a small saucepan over medium until just melted, stirring occasionally. If a 4 minutes, then 8 tablespoons/84 grams into a large bowl and add the sugar, vanilla, honey, and salt. Whisk until well blended, then set aside to cool.

3. Meanwhile, brush the remaining 4 tablespoons/50 grams melted butter into the cups of a standard muffin tin to generously and evenly cool.

4. Whisk the egg into the sugar mixture until just blended, then whisk in the milk.

While whisking, gradually add the rice flour and whisk until smooth. Divide the batter evenly among the buttered muffin cups (about ½ cup/60 grams per cup) and smooth the tops, if necessary. Set the muffin tin on a sheet pan.

5. Bake on the middle rack for 10 minutes,

then lower the temperature to 375 degrees, and bake until dark golden brown, 35 to 40 minutes more.

6. Let cool in the pan for a few minutes, then 40 each cake out with a small offset spatula or very thin paving knife and transfer to a rack to cool slightly. Serve

warm. (Because their crust softens overnight, these cakes are best eaten the day they are made.)

Tip: For the most even browning, use an uncooked standard muffin tin.

QA Report - The New York Times International - 31.07.2026.pdf

Pipeline

• Extraction route: mistral-ocr
• extraction_route=mistral-ocr
• Translation chunks: 94
• Extraction warnings:
• [OCR-ROUTE] Scanned PDF detected; routing directly to MistralOCR.

Non-model Checks

• WARNING: translated output has low semantic coherence score (0.05)
• WARNING: Missing proper nouns in translation: Abdul Aziz, Abraham Accords, Abraham Initiative, Acredible Melisanel, Afghan Army, African Superstars, Allen Brandt, Alliance Consumer Group, American Association, American Borders

Model QA

PDF 翻译质量审核报告 (QA Report)

审核结论：存在严重阻塞性问题 (Blocking Issues Found)

本译文在多处出现严重的幻觉、未翻译的英文块、以及由于对 OCR 错误文本的盲目翻译而导致的语义混乱。

1. 严重错误与幻觉 (Hallucinations & Critical Errors)

• 核心术语幻觉：
  • 将 "Open models" (开源模型) 错误翻译为 "排名第二的模型" (译文：中国则在免费赠送排名第二的模型)，完全扭曲原意。
  • 将 "Two-state solution" (两国方案) 相关讨论中的政治术语处理混乱，出现了 "A Phase for U.S.A.B" 等无意义的译文。
  • 将 "Salk/Sabin vaccines" (索尔克/萨宾疫苗) 翻译为 "Salls/Sabin" 或 "Salls 灭活病毒疫苗"，且在后文出现 "Salls' Avian" 等严重的逻辑幻觉。
• 数值/单位错误：
  • 温度转换错误：原文 "40 degrees" (摄氏度) 翻译为 "40 摄氏度或 200 华氏度" (40°C $\neq$ 200°F)，常识性错误。
  • 距离转换错误：原文 "20 miles" 翻译为 "20 英里 (12 kilometers)" (实际应为 $\approx$ 32km)。
• 语义崩溃：
  • 在食谱部分，将 "sweet rice flour" 翻译为 "mechiles"，将 "stechi" 等 OCR 错误词汇直接保留或强行翻译，导致读者无法理解该食物是什么。

2. 未翻译的英文块 (Residual English)

• 关键连接词/术语未译：
  • 文中多次出现 whoever 未翻译，直接嵌在中文句子中。
  • A.N.B.P.、TELEX WORKS 1 1000TH 等无意义/错误识别的英文块直接保留。
  • MAP TANG PHON, TAHU, AND 等人名/地名块未处理。

3. 忠实度与完整性问题 (Faithfulness & Completeness)

• 盲目翻译 OCR 错误：译文将原件中的识别错误（如 "Curios" $\rightarrow$ 可能指 Cursor; "transdermalist" $\rightarrow$ 可能是 transparent; "mechiles" $\rightarrow$ 可能是 mochiko）直接翻译，未进行合理的语境重建，导致译文充斥着无意义的生造词。
• 截断与漏译：
  • 部分句子在段落末尾戛然而止（例如：“...而在这个过程中，我能够理解和尊重的故事，那些他同样无法停止思考的人们。也许我可以为他感到难过，而不仅仅是为我在朋友们死去时还活着而感到...” 后面内容缺失）。

4. 交付缺陷 (Delivery Defects)

• 标签残留：出现了 [此处为重复的出版及发行合作方名称：...] 等内部清理/备注标签，违反交付要求。
• 格式问题：页码标注（如 "联邦第 4 页"、"TAREYS 第 4 页"）处理混乱，且将 OCR 错误识别的页码词汇直接翻译成中文。

总结

该译文质量低下，未能识别并修正源文件的 OCR 错误，且在关键政治和科学术语上产生了严重幻觉。不建议发布，必须重新翻译。